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消化系统详解

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digestive system思维导图模板大纲

Small intestin

Duodenum

Upper part: the beginning is called duodenal bulb, which is the most common site of duodenal ulcer and its perforation.

Descending part

Horizontal part

Ascending part

Jejunum and ileum

Jejunum is often located in the left lumbar region and umbilical region, and ileum is often located in the umbilical region, right inguinal region and pelvis.

Oral cavity

Lip

Cheek

There is a parotid duct nipple on the buccal mucosa opposite to the crown of the maxillary second molar.

Palate

Hard hire: the first 2/3 of the palate.

Soft hire: located in the back 1/3 of the palate.

Teeth

Types of teeth

Deciduous tooth

Permanent teeth

The shape of the tooth

Crown, root, neck

Dental tissue

Dentin, enamel, cementum, dental pulp

Periodontal tissue

Periodontal ligament, alveolar bone, gingiva

Tongue

The shape of the tongue

Divided into the root of the tongue and the body of the tongue

Tongue mucosa

Lingual papilla

Filamentous nipple

Fungal nipple

Phylloid papilla

Contour nipple

Sublingual caruncle, frenulum, sublingual fold, sublingual gland, etc.

Lingual muscle

Medial lingual muscle

Longitudinal muscle, transverse muscle, vertical muscle

Extralingual muscle

Genioglossus muscle, hyoid muscle, stylohyoid muscle

Salivary gland

Large salivary gland

Parotid gland, submandibular gland, sublingual gland

Minor salivary gland

Labial gland, buccal gland, palatal gland, tongue gland

Pharynx

Nasopharynx

Oropharynx

Laryngopharynx

large intestine

Cecum

The beginning of the large intestine, about 6~8cm, its lower end is the blind end, the ascending colon continues, and the left side is connected with the ileum. The cecum is located in the right iliac fossa and its body surface is projected above the lateral half of the inguinal ligament.

Appendix

The body surface projection point of the root of the appendix: usually at the intersection of 1/3 of the line between the right anterior superior iliac spine and the umbilical cord, this point is called McBurney point. Sometimes it is also expressed as the Lanz point, that is, the intersection of the right and middle 1/3 of the line connecting the left and right anterior superior iliac spine.

colon

Ascending colon

Transverse colon

Descending colon

Sigmoid colon

Rectum

Anal canal

Main function: absorb water, vitamins and inorganic salts, and form food residues into feces and discharge them out of the body.

esophagus

Division

Neck

About 5cm, the segment from the beginning of the esophagus to the plane of the sternal jugular notch.

Chest

About 18~20cm, located between the plane of the sternal jugular notch and the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm.

Abdomen

1~2cm, from esophageal hiatus to cardia.

Constriction

The first stenosis

The beginning of the esophagus is equal to the level of the lower margin of the sixth cervical vertebra, about 15cm from the central incisor.

The second stenosis

The esophagus is at the intersection of the left main bronchus, equivalent to the level between the 4th and 5th thoracic vertebrae, and about 25cm from the central incisor.

The third stenosis

The esophagus passes through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm, equivalent to the level of the 10th thoracic vertebra, about 40cm from the central incisor.

Stomach

Division

Cardiac part

The cardia is located on the left side of the 11th thoracic vertebra.

Gastric fundus (gastric fornix)

Gastric body

Pyloric part (gastric antrum)

The pylorus is located on the right side of the first lumbar vertebra.

Position

When the stomach is moderately full, most of it is located in the left costal region and a small part in the epigastric region.

Adjacent: the right part of the anterior wall of the stomach is adjacent to the left lobe and square lobe of the liver, and the left part is adjacent to the diaphragm, which is covered by the left costal arch. Below the xiphoid process, part of the anterior wall of the stomach is directly attached to the ventral anterior wall. The posterior wall of the stomach is adjacent to the pancreas, transverse colon, upper left kidney and left adrenal gland, and the fundus of stomach is adjacent to the diaphragm and spleen.

Function

Receive food, secrete gastric juice, endocrine function

Liver

Position

Most of them are located in the right costal region and epigastric region, and a small part in the left costal region.

Form

Diaphragmatic surface

There are falcate ligament and coronal ligament on the diaphragmatic surface of the liver.

The falciform ligament is in a sagittal position, dividing the liver into left and right lobes.

The part between the two layers of the coronal ligament of the posterior part of the diaphragm without peritoneal cover is called the bare area.

The visceral surface of the liver

Three H-shaped trenches

Left longitudinal sulcus

Anterior: fissure of round ligament of liver, with traces of round ligament of liver and umbilical vein.

Posterior: venous ligament fissure, traces of venous ligament and venous catheter.

Transverse sulcus (hilum of liver)

There are left and right hepatic ducts, left and right branches of proper hepatic artery, left and right branches of hepatic portal vein and nerves and lymphatic vessels, also known as the first hepatic hilum.

These structures entering and leaving the hilum of the liver are surrounded by connective tissue to form the hepatic pedicle.

Right longitudinal sulcus

Anterior: gallbladder fossa.

Posterior: vena cava sulcus (second hepatic hilum), where the left, middle and right hepatic veins flow out of the liver into the inferior vena cava.

Extrahepatic biliary system

Bile duct

Common bile duct

Common hepatic duct

Cystic duct

Common hepatic duct

Left hepatic duct

Right hepatic duct

Gallbladder triangle

A triangular area surrounded by the cystic duct, the common hepatic duct, and the visceral surface of the liver.

Gallbladder

Division

Gallbladder floor

Gallbladder body

Neck of gallbladder

Cystic duct

Function

Store, concentrate bile

Function

Participate in the synthesis, transformation and decomposition of proteins, lipids, sugars and vitamins.

Participate in the transformation and detoxification of hormones, drugs and other substances.

Important functions such as bile secretion, phagocytosis, defense and hematopoiesis during embryonic period

Pancreas

Composition

Exocrine part (glandular cell)

Can secrete pancreatic juice and contain a variety of digestive enzymes (such as protease, lipase and amylase). It can decompose and digest proteins, fats and sugars.

Endocrine part (islet)

Mainly secrete insulin and regulate the concentration of blood glucose.

Position

Located in the epigastric region and the left costal region, transversely placed in front of the 1st ~ 2nd lumbar vertebrae, and close to the posterior abdominal wall.

Division

Head of pancreas

Neck of pancreas

Body of pancreas

Tail of pancreas

Pancreatic duct

Merge with the common bile duct to form the ampulla of hepatopancreas, which opens in the duodenum with large breast and head

Accessory pancreatic duct

It opens in the small papilla of the duodenum and mainly drains pancreatic juice from the anterior upper part of the head of the pancreas.