2017年12月大学英语四级长篇阅读练习题（10）思维导图

Directions:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.

Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.

RobotManagement

A.Robotshavebeenthestuffofsciencefictionforsolongthatitissurprisinglyhardtoseethemasthestuffofmanagementfact.ACzechplaywright,KarelCapek,gavethemtheirnamein1920(fromtheSlavonicwordfor"work").AnAmericanwriter,IsaacAsimov,confrontedthemwiththeirmostmemorabledilemmas.

Hollywoodturnedthemintosuperheroesandsupervillains.WhensomefilmcriticsdrewuplistsofHollywood's50greatestgoodguysand50greatestbaddies,theonlycharactertoappearonbothlistswasarobot,theTerminator.

B.Itistimeformanagementthinkerstocatchupwithscience-fictionwriters.Robotshavebeendoingauxiliaryjobsonproductionlinessincethe1960s.Theworldalreadyhasmorethanlmindustrialrobots.Thereisnowanaccelerationintheratesatwhichtheyarebecomingbothclevererandcheaper:anexplosivecombination.

Robotsarelearningtointeractwiththeworldaroundthem.Theirabilitytoseethingsisgettingeverclosertothatofhumans,asistheircapacitytoingestinformationandactonit.Tomorrow'srobotswillincreasinglytakeondelicate,complextasks.Andinsteadofbeingimprisonedincagestostopthemcollidingwithpeople,theywillbefreetowander.

C.America'sarmedforceshaveblazedatrailhere.Theynowhavenofewerthan12,000robotsservingintheirranks.PeterSinger,oftheBrookingsInstitution,athink-tank(智囊团),saysmankind's5,000-yearmonopolyonthefightingofwarisbreakingdown.Recentadditionstothebattlefieldincludetiny"insects"thatperformreconnaissance(侦查)missionsandgiant"dogs"toterrifyenemies.ThePentagonisalsoworkingontheEATR,arobotthatfuelsitselfbyeatingwhateverbiomass(生物量)itfindsaroundit.

D.Butthecivilianworldcannotbefarbehind.Whobettertocleansewersorsuckupnuclearwastethantheseremarkablemachines?TheJapanesehavemadesurprisinglylittleuseofrobotstoclearupaftertherecentearthquake,giventheirworldleadershipinthisarea.Theysaythattheyhadthewrongsortofrobotsinthewrongplaces.Buttheyhaveissuedaglobalcallforroboticassistanceandarelikelytoputmorerobotstoworkshortly.

E.Asrobotsadvanceintotheserviceindustriestheyarestartingtolooklesslikemachinesandmorelikelivingcreatures.TheParo(madebyAIST,aJapaneseresearchagency)isshapedlikeababysealandrespondstoattention.Honda'srobot,ASIMO,ishumanoidandcanwalk,talkandrespondtocommands.

F.Untilnowexecutiveshavelargelyignoredrobots,regardingthemasanengineeringratherthanamanagementproblem.Thiscannotgoon:robotsarebecomingtoopowerfulandubiquitous(无处不在的).Companiesmayneedtorethinktheirstrategiesastheygainaccesstothesenewsortsofworkers.DotheyreallyneedtooutsourceproductiontoChina,forexample,whentheyhaveclevermachinesthatworkceaselesslywithoutpay?Theycertainlyneedtorethinktheirhuman-resourcespolicies--startingbyquestioningwhethertheyshouldhavedepartmentsdevotedtopurelyhumanresources.

G.Thefirstissueishowtomanagetherobotsthemselves.Asimovlaiddownthebasicrulein1942:norobotshouldharmahuman.Thisrulehasbeenreinforcedbyrecenttechnologicalimprovements:robotsarenowmuchmoresensitivetotheirsurroundingsandcanbeinstructedtoavoidhittingpeople.ButthePentagon'splansmakeallthisabitmorecomplicated:manyofitsrobotswillbe,inessence,killingmachines.

H.Asecondquestionishowtomanagethehomosideofhomo-roborelations.Workershavealwaysworriedthatnewtechnologieswilltakeawaytheirlivelihoods,eversincetheoriginalLuddites'fearsaboutmechanisedlooms.Thatworrytakesonaparticularlyintenseformwhenthemachinescomewithahumanface:Capek'splaythatgaverobotstheirnamedepictedaworldinwhichtheyinitiallybroughtlotsofbenefitsbuteventuallyledtomassunemploymentanddiscontent.Now,thearrivalofincreasinglyhumanoidautomatonsinworkplaces,inaneraofhighunemployment,isboundtoprovokeareaction.

I.So,companieswillneedtoworkhardtopersuadeworkersthatrobotsareproductivity-enhancers,notjustjob-eatingaliens.Theyneedtoshowemployeesthattherobotsittingalongsidethemcanbemoreofahelpmatethanathreat.Audihasbeenparticularlysuccessfulinintroducingindustrialrobotsbecausethecarmakeraskedworkerstoidentifyareaswhererobotscouldimproveperformanceandthengavethoseworkersjobsoverseeingtherobots.Employersalsoneedtoexplainthatrobotscanhelppreservemanufacturingjobsintherichworld:onereasonwhyGermanyhaslostfewersuchjobsthanBritainisthatithasfivetimesasmanyrobotsforevery10,000workers.

J.Thesetwoprinciples--don'tletrobotshurtorfrightenpeople--arerelativelysimple.Robotscientistsaretacklingmorecomplicatedproblemsasrobotsbecomemoresophisticated.Theyarekeentoavoidhierarchies(层级)amongrescue-robots(becausethelossoftheleaderwouldrendertherestredundant).Sotheyareusinggametheorytomakesuretherobotscancommunicatewitheachotherinegalitarian(平等)ways.Theyarekeentoavoidduplicationbetweenrobotsandtheirhumanhandlers.Sotheyareproducingmorecomplicatedmathematicalformulaeinorderthatrobotscanconstantlyadjustthemselvestohumanintentions.

Thissuggeststhattheworldcouldbeonthevergeofagreatmanagementrevolution:makingrobotsbehavelikehumansratherthanthe20thcentury'spreferredoption,makinghumansbehavelikerobots.

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