For about three centuries we have been doing science, trying science out, using science for the construction of what we call modern civilization. Every dispensable item of contemp
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Foraboutthreecenturieswehavebeendoingscience,tryingscienceout,usingsciencefortheconstructionofwhatwecallmoderncivilization.Everydispensableitemofcontemporarytechnology,fromcanallockstodialtelephonestopenicillin,waspiecedtogetherfromtheanalysisofdataprovidedbyoneoranotherseriesofscientificexperiments.Threehundredyearsseemsalongtimefortestinganewapproachtohumaninter-living,longenoughtosetbackforcriticalappraisalofthescientificmethod,maybeevenlongenoughtovoteonwhethertogoonwithitornot.Thereisanargument.Voiceshavebeenraisedinprotestsincethebeginning,risinginpitchandviolenceinthenineteenthcenturyduringtheearlystagesoftheindustrialrevolution,summoningurgentcrowdsintothestreetsontheissueofnuclearenergy."Giveitback,"saysomeofthevoices,"Itdoesn'treallywork,we'vetrieditanditdoesn'twork.Gobackthreehundredyearsandstartagainonsomethingelselesschancyfortheraceofman."Theprinciplediscoveriesinthiscentury,takingallinall,aretheglimpsesofthedepthofourignoranceofnature.Thingsthatusedtoseemclearandrational,andmattersofabsolutecertainty-Newtonianmechanics,forexample-haveslippedthroughourfingers;andweareleftwithanewsetofgiganticpuzzles,cosmicuncertainties,andambiguities.Someofthelawsofphysicsareamendedeveryfewyears;somearecanceledoutright;someundergorevisedversionsoflegislativeintentasiftheywereactsofCongress.JustthirtyyearsagowecallitabiologicalrevolutionwhenthefantasticgeometryoftheDNAmoleculewasexposedtopublicviewandthelinearlanguageofgeneticswasdecoded.Forawhile,thingsseemedsimpleandclear:thecellwasaneatlittlemachine,amechanicaldevicereadyfortakingtopiecesandreassembling,likeatinywatch.Butjustinthelastfewyearsithasbecomealmostunbelievablycomplex,filledwithstrangepartswhosefunctionsarebeyondtoday'simagining.Itisnotjustthatthereismoretodo,thereiseverythingtodo.Whatliesahead,orwhatcanlieaheadiftheeffortsinbasicresearcharecontinued,ismuchmorethantheconquestofhumandiseaseortheimprovementofagriculturaltechnologyorthecultivationofnutrientsinthesea.Aswelearnmoreaboutfundamentalprocessesoflivingthingsingeneralwewilllearnmoreaboutourselves.
[A]Scientificexperimentsinthepastthreehundredyearshaveproducedmanyvaluableitems.
[B]Forthreehundredyearstherehavebeenpeopleholdingahostileattitudetowardscience.
[C]Moderncivilizationdependsonsciencesomansupportsscientificprogressunanimously.
[D]Somepeoplethinkthreehundredyearsisnotlongenoughtosetbackforcriticalappraisalofscientificmethod.
[A]manhasoverthrownNewton'slawsofphysics
[B]manhassolvedanewsetofgiganticpuzzles
[C]manhaslostmanyscientificdiscoveries
[D]manhasgivenupsomeoftheonceacceptedtheories
[A]theexposureofDNAtothepublicisunnecessary
[B]thetinycellinDNAisaneatlittlemachine
[C]manknowsnothingaboutDNA
[D]manhasmuchtolearnaboutDNA
[A]scienceisjustatitsbeginning
[B]sciencehasgreatlyimprovedman'slife
[C]sciencehasmadeprofoundprogress
[D]sciencehasdonetoolittletohumanbeings
[A]critical[B]approving[C]neutral[D]regretful
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