2017年12月英语四级语法常考考点之分词思维导图

分词是动词的一种非限定形式，主要起形容词和副词的作用，在句子中可作状语、表语、补语和定语。分词有两种，一种是现在分词，一种是过去分词。这两种分词在句子中能担任的成分大体相同，主要是在意思上有主动被动之分，现在分词一般有主动的意思，过去分词一般有被动的意思;有时它们表示的时间也不相同，现在分词一般表示进行，过去分词一般表示完成。

Takingadictionary,shebegantoprepareherlessons.(现在分词作状语)

Takenseparately,theproblemsarenotdifficulttosolve.(过去分词作状语)

Thestoryisinteresting.(现在分词作表语)

Weareinterestedinreading.(过去分词作表语)

Iheardhimsingingintheroom.(现在分词作补语)

Iheardthesongsungbyhim.(过去分词作补语)

Thisisanamusingstory.(现在分词作定语)

Therearesomefallenleavesontheground.(过去分词作定语)

分词作状语时，其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语一致。如果不一致的话，分词前面可以带有自己的逻辑主语(名词或代词)，构成分词的独立结构(或称为独立分句)。分词独立结构可表示伴随情况、陪衬动作、附加说明以及表示时间、原因、条件等。

Themoonhasnolightofitsown,onlysunlightshiningonit.(附加说明)

Sherushedouttheroom,thelittlebabycarriedinherarms.(伴随动作)

Maggieranbacktothekitchen,eggsheldcarefullyinherhand.(伴随动作)

Circumstanceschanged,itisnecessaryforyoutomakeanewplan.(表示原因)

Aforceactingthroughadistance,workisdone.(表示条件)

Bothbrightsideanddarksideconsidered,youwillhavetheconfidencetoovercomethisdifficulty.(表示条件)

Allflightshavingbeencancelledbecauseofthesnowstorm,manypassengerscoulddonothingbuttakethetrain.

therebe句型和it也能引出分词独立结构，作状语修饰主句，there和it相当于分词的逻辑主语。

Therebeingnothingelsetodo,wewenthome.

Therehavingbeennorain,theplantswithered.

Itbeingimpossibleformoststudentstoturnintheirpapersasscheduled,theteacherdecidedtogivethemanothertwodays.

Thesaleusuallytakesplaceoutsidethehouse,withtheaudience_________onbenches,chairsorboxes

A)havingseatedB)seatingC)seatedD)havingbeenseated

本题考察的是with引导的分词的独立结构，seat一般用被动形式表示主动意思，所以用过去分词，答案为C。

Somanydirectors_________,theboardmeetinghadtobeputoff.

A)wereabsentB)beingabsentC)beenabsentD)hadbeenabsent

本题考察的是分词的独立结构，主语与分词之间是主谓关系，因此选择B。

1.现在分词(presentparticiple)

1)现在分词在句子中的作用

a)作状语

Hearingthebadnews,shefainteddowntotheground.

Notknowinghowtodonext,theywenttoaskforhisadvice.

Havingfinishedthehomework,theboyrushedouttoplay.

b)作补语

WhenIpassedbyhisroom,Iheardhimsingingloudly.(作宾语补足语)

Hewasheardsingingloudlyintheroom.(作主语补足语)

Isawthemleavingthepartyquietly.(作宾语补足语)

c)作表语：此时的分词已经趋向形容词。

Thebookisquiteinteresting.

Itissurprisingthattheyareregardedasasocialevil.

Thegameheldyesterdaywasveryexciting.

d)作定语

Themangivingaspeechwasoneofmyformerclassmates.

Whoisthatguylookingsodisgusting?

Theexcitingnewsspreadquicklyalloverthecountry.

2)现在分词的完成体

现在分词的完成体主要用在状语中，表示这个动作在谓语所表示的动作之前完成。

Havingsucceededinthelastexamination,shewasmoreconfidentofanothersuccessinthecomingone.

Havingfoundthecause,theywereabletoproposearemedy.

Havingfinishedhishomework,theboywenttoplaycomputergame.

Nothavingmadeadequatepreparations,theythoughtitbettertopostponetheexcursiontillnextweek.

独立结构中也可以用现在分词的完成形式。

Hisparentshavingdied,theorphanisnowtakencareofbythegovernment.

Theguestshavingleft,theyresumedtheirdiscussion.

3)现在分词被动态

在表示一个被动动作时，如果这个动作正在进行，或是与谓语表示的动作同时发生，我们可以用现在分词的被动态。

Thebridgebeingbuiltnowwillbecompletedinthreemonths.

Thisisoneoftheexperimentsbeingcarriedoninourlaboratory.

Beingsurroundedbythestudents,theteacherwasansweringquestionsonebyone.

IfIcorrectsomeone,Iwilldoitwithasmuchgoodhumorandself-restraintasifIweretheone_________.

A)tocorrectB)correctingC)havingcorrectedD)beingcorrected

句意为：如果我批评某个人，我会尽量保持幽默，自我控制，像批评自己一样。one为代词，后面的动词为其修饰成分，故用分词，而且one与correct之间是动宾关系，故用分词被动态，答案为D)。

4)现在分词的完成被动式

现在分词的完成被动式表示分词的动作发生在谓语的行为之前，且动作由逻辑主语所承受(即与逻辑主语是被动关系)。

Havingbeengivensuchagoodchance,heplannedtoworkhard.

Havingbeenexperimentedseveraltimes,thisnewproductwillbeputintomassproduction.

Allthecompositionshavingbeenwrittenandcollected,theteacherdismissedthestudents.

5)现在分词与过去分词的区别

现在分词和过去分词主要差别在于：现在分词表示“主动和进行”，过去分词表示“被动和完成”(不及物动词的过去分词不表示被动，只表示完成)。分词可以有自己的状语、宾语或逻辑主语等。

a)分词在句子中作状语，可以表示时间、条件、原因、结果、让步、伴随等。分词做状语时，它的逻辑主语与句子的主语一致。作状语的分词相当于一个状语分句。

Hearingthenews,theyalljumpedwithjoy.

Usingwhatyouknowofwordstemsandwordformations,youcanmakeaguessatthemeaningofanewword.

Thestudentswentoutoftheclassroom,laughingandtalking.

Accompaniedbyhisfriend,hewenttotherailwaystation.

Givenbetterattention,theplantscouldgrowbetter.

Helookedtiredanddepressed,visiblydisturbedbythenewsofhismother'sillness.

分词在句子中作状语，使用何种分词，要取决于分词与句子主语的关系：主谓关系用现在分词，动宾或被动关系用过去分词。

Nothavingenoughhands,weturnedtothemforhelp.

(Wedidn'thaveenoughhands)

Taughtbymistakesandsetbacks,wehavebecomewiserandhandledouraffairsbetter.(Wearetaught/teachus)

InspiredbytheInternational,theworkingpeopleofallcountrieshavebeenfightingfortheirfinalliberation.

(Theworkingpeoplewereinspired/inspiretheworkingpeople)

_________theearthtobeflat,manyfearedthatColumbuswouldfallofftheedge.

A)havingbelievedB)BelievingC)BelievedD)Beingbelieved

本句意思为：相信地球是平的，许多人担心哥伦布会从边上掉下去。“许多人”与“相信”之间是主谓关系，即分词与主语之间为主谓关系。因此，应用现在分词，答案为B).

Nomatterhowfrequently_________,theworksofBeethovenalwaysattractlargeaudiences.

A)performingB)performedC)tobeperformedD)beingperformed

本句中贝多芬的作品被反复表演，可见分词与句子的主语之间是被动关系，应该用过去分词，故答案为B.

b)“while(when,once,until,if,though等连词)+分词”结构：现在分词或过去分词作状语时，有时可以在分词前加while，when,once,although,until,if等连词。

Whenleavingtheairport,shewavedagainandagaintous.

Whilewaitingforthetrain,Ihadalongtalkwithmysisteraboutherwork.

Oncerecovered,hethrewhimselfintohisworkandmadeeveryefforttodoitwell.

Althoughworkingveryhard,hefailedtopassthefinalexam.

Iftranslatedwordbyword,thepassagewillbedifficulttounderstand.

c)分词作定语：分词作定语时，单个的分词通常放在被修饰的名词之前，分词短语一般置于所修饰的中心词后面。现在分词修饰的是发出该动作的名词(即与名词有主谓关系)，过去分词修饰承受该动作的名词(即与名词是动宾关系)。

Wewillgoonwithourexperimentassoonaswegettheaddedfund.

Thisisreallyanexhaustingdaytoallofus!

Wecanseethepartofthemoonlightedbysunlight.

Afteranightspentinexcitementandsleeplessness,Iforcedmyselftotakealongwalkalongthebeachthenextday.

Moreandmoredevelopingcountriesestablishedstrategicpartnershipwithdevelopedcountries.

TheyoungsittingbetweenmysisterandmybrotherismycousinJack.

Asearlyas1649Ohiomadeadecisionthatfree,tax-supportedschoolsmustbeestablishedineverytown__________50householdsormore.

A)havingB)tohaveC)tohavehadD)havinghad

后面由分词做定语，而且town本身有50户以上人家，故town与分词间为主谓关系，应该用现在分词，答案为A)。

d)分词作宾语补足语：现在分词在see,watch,hear,observe,notice,feel,find,glimpse,glance等感官动词和lookat,listento等短语动词以及have,keep,get,catch,leave,set,start,send等使役动词后面与名词或代词构成复合宾语，作宾语补语的成分。

Onthetopofthehill,wecouldseesmokerisingfromthechimneysinthevillage.

Thelittleboysatbesidetherailwaylineandwatchedthetrainsroaringby.

Weshouldnotleavehimwonderingwhatheshoulddo.

Iamsorrytohavekeptyouwaitingforsuchalongtime.

Icaughthimdozingoffinclass.

过去分词可以在allow,ask,consider,desire,expect,feel,find,get,have,hear,imagine,keep,like,make,observe,order,permit,prefer,remember,request,require,see,urge等动词后面作宾语补足语。

【例如】

Aftermyencounterwithher,Ifoundmyselfgreatlyshaken.

Youshouldkeepherinformedofwhatisgoingonhere.

Theteacherexpectedthestudentswellpreparedfortheexamination.

在动词see,hear,feel,watch,notice，perceive，observe,listento,lookat后既可用现在分词做补语，也可用不定式做补语。用现在分词表示动作正在进行，用不定式表示动作的全过程已经完成。

IsawMr.Whitegetoffabus.

IsawMr.Whitelookingintoashopwindow.

——Doyouhearsomeoneknockingatthedoor?

——Yes,Idid.Iheardhimknockthreetimes.