2017年12月英语四级语法常考考点之不定式思维导图
1.不定式在句子中充当的作用 1)作主语 不定式作主语：一般表示具体的某次动作。
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思维导图大纲
2017年12月英语四级语法常考考点之不定式思维导图模板大纲
1.不定式在句子中充当的作用
1)作主语
不定式作主语：一般表示具体的某次动作。
Tocompletethe30-storiedbuildinginoneyearwasquiteadifficulttask.
Todothatimpliestakingresponsibility.
Fortheretobesomodernalibraryinthisruralareaissurprising.
当主语较长，谓语较短时，常用it做形式主语，而将不定式放到谓语的后面。
Itisimportantformodernyoungpeopletomasteratleasttwoforeignlanguages.
It做形式主语，不定式放在谓语动词之后常用于下列结构中：
a)Itis+形容词(easy,important,difficult,foolish,inconvenient,unnecessary,right,wrong...)+(for/ofsb.)+不定式
ItisessentialtoreserveatableinadvanceofChristmasEve.
Itishardtoputmyhopesintowords.
Itisnoteasytocatchfishwithyourhandsonly.
ItisimportantforusyoungpeopletolearnEnglishandmasterit.
b)Itis+名词(apleasure,apity,apleasantthing,one'sduty,anhonor,ashame,acrime,noeasyjob...)+不定式
Itisasheerwasteoftimetoreadthatkindoftrash.
Itisapitytohavetogowithouther.
Itisagloriousdeathtodieforthepeople.
c)Ittakes/took(sb.)sometime(hours,months,days,alotoftime,patience...)+不定式
IttakesmethreehourstolearnEnglisheachday.
Ittookthemhalfthenighttogethomeinthesnow.
2)作表语
不定式作表语，常表示将来的动作，主语常常是表示意向、打算、计划的词，如wish,idea,ask,purpose,duty,job等。
Themostimportantthingforone'shealthistohaveplentyofexercise.
Mychiefpurposehasbeentopointoutthedifficultiesofthematter.
Thepurposeoftheorganizationistogreetallnewcomerstothecityandtoprovidethemwithanynecessaryinformation.
WhatIwantedwastogettheworkdoneasquicklyaspossible.
注意：当主语中有do的任何形式时，作表语的不定式中的to通常省略。
Whathewantstodomostis(to)enjoyhimselfeveryday.
Whattheydidlastnightwas(to)playcardstotheirheart’scontent.
3)作宾语
不定式作宾语，通常用在下列结构中：
a)“动词+不定式”结构：不定式直接跟在动词后面。
这类动词有：afford,agree,apply,arrange,ask,attempt,beg,begin,care,choose,claim,consent,demand,decide,desire,determine,expect,fail,hope,hesitate,hate,intend,learn,like,manage,mean,neglect,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,resolve,seek,tend,threaten,want等。
Iliketogooutforwalksinthewarmsunshineinspring.
Mymotherhatestomovefromplacetoplace,forshefeelstired.
Idecidetoworkhardandgetadoctor'sdegree.
Shefailedtofinishtheassignmentintime,andshewasworriedaboutit.
ThereisamanatthereceptiondeskwhoseemsveryangryandIthinkhemeanstomaketrouble.
I’dliketheretobearoomofmyown.
Idon’twanttheretobeanymisunderstandingbetweenus.
b)不定式作宾语还常用在下面结构中“主语+动词+it+形容词+不定式”
Wefounditimpossibletogeteverythingreadyintime.
IthinkitimportanttolearnEnglishwellincollege.
使用这种句型的常见动词有：believe,consider,declare,feel,find,guess,imagine,prove,realize,suppose,think,等。
c)“wh-+不定式”结构
不定式前加一个疑问代词(what,which,who,whom,whose)或疑问副词(where,when,how,why)，以及连词whether构成特殊的不定式短语，其作用相当于一个分句，这样的不定式短语常在某些动词后面作宾语。常见的可以接这种不定式短语的动词有：know,see,decide,tell,ask,consider,discover,explain,findout,forget,guess,hear,imagine,inquire,learn,observe,perceive,remember,think,understand,wonder等。
Icouldn'tdecidewhichbooktochoose.
Icantellyouwheretogetthisbook.
TheyfoundithardtodecidewhethertogoswimmingnextSundayortovisitAuntSally.
“wh-+不定式”结构除了作宾语外，还可以在句中作主语或者表语。
Whentostarttheprogramremainsundecided.
Thequestionishowtoputtheplansintopractice.
4)作状语
a)不定式作状语表示目的。或用于soas(not)to和inorder(not)to之后，来强调这种目的。
Tolearnaforeignlanguagewell,youmustmakepainstakingefforts.
Mothersavedeverycentshecouldsparetopayformyschooling.
Wemustdevelopscienceandtechnologyathighspeedsoastoraisescientificandculturallevelofourcountry.
InordertogetahighmarkinBand4,hedidalotofexercisesbothingrammarandreadingcomprehension.
b)不定式表示结果，特别是在so...asto,such...asto,onlyto...以及too...to等结构中的不定式表示结果。
IrushedtothestationasfastasIcould,onlytofindthetrainalreadygone.
Sheleftherhometownwithherbelovedman,nevertoreturn.
Nooneistoooldtolearn.
Wouldyoubesokindastocarrytheluggageforme?
c)不定式常用来修饰形容词，构成下列词组：beableto,beafraidto,beaptto,beboundto,becertainto,beeasyto,beeagerto,befitto,belikelyto,bereadyto,besureto,beunableto,beunwillingto,bewillingto等。
ChineseteamisboundtowintheWorldCupthistime.
Itislikelytoraintoday,foritisverycloudy.
Iamwillingtohelpyouwithyourhomework,forwearefriends.
5)作宾语补足语
a)不定式常跟在下列动词之后作宾语补足语：ask,advise,allow,beg,cause,compel,command,enable,encourage,expect,feel,force,find,hear,have,inform,invite,let,make,mean,notice,order,permit,persuade,remind,require,request,teach,tell,urge,watch,warn,watch等。
Becauseofthecomplexityofthemodernequipment,mostofficesrequiresecretariestohavespecifiedtraining.
Heaskedyoutocallhimatteno'clock.
ThenoteremindsmetobecarefulwhateverIdo.
I'dneverallowmychildrentobehavelikethat.
b)当不定式在let,make,have,hear,lookat,listento,feel,observe,watch,notice,perceive(感觉到)等动词后面作宾语补足语时，不定式不带to。
Wheneversomethingiswrongwithyou,pleasedoletmeknow.
IwillhavethestudentswriteapassageaboutInternet.
Isawmymothershedtearsatthenewsthattheneighborgirlgotseriouslyhurtinacaraccident.
Itseemedsolongbeforeheheardthestonehitthewater.
6)作主语补足语
带有宾语及宾语补足语结构的动词变为被动语态时，原来的宾语变为主语，宾补则变为主补。加主补的动词主要有：assume,believe,know,report,say,suppose等。
Mr.BrownissaidtohaveleftforItalylastweek.(ItissaidthatMr.BrownleftforItalylastweek.)
Personshavebeensaidtoclimbonroofs,solvemathematicalproblems,composemusic,walkthroughwindowsandcommitmurderintheirsleep.
Heisreportedtohavewonthe100-meterrunningraceintheOlympicgames.
7)作定语
a)不定式作定语通常要放在其所修饰的名词或代词之后。
不定式常作下列名词的定语：attempt,ability,anything,chance,desire,determination,decision,effort,failure,intention,need,opportunity,plan,promise,pressure,right,tendency,time,way等。
Hiseffortstocarryouttheplanweresuccessful.
Ihavenointentiontogotothecinemawithyou.
Thereisnoneedtobotherhimwithsuchtrifles.
Thereisatendencytowritequitelongsentencesincommercialcorrespondence.
ThepressuretocompetecausesAmericanstobeenergetic,butitalsoputthemunderaconstantemotionalstrain.
注意：不定式与其修饰的名词有动宾关系时，要根据句子的需要在不定式后加适当的介词，这个介词的选用取决于被修饰的名词或不定式本身的要求。
Sheisaverynicepersontoworkwith.
Thisisanimportantissuetotalkabout.
b)由only,last,next,序数词或形容词最高级修饰的名词常用不定式作定语。
Mr.Zhangisalwaysthefirstmantoarriveattheofficeandthelastmantoleave.
Idon'tthinkheisthebestonetodothework.
2.不带to的不定式(BareInfinitive)
在下列词组后面的不定式不带to：wouldrather...than(宁愿……也不),hadbetter...(最好)，can'thelpbut...(不得不),hadrather...(宁愿)，cannotbut...(不得不，必然)，may/mightaswell...(不妨)，letalone(更不用说),candonothingbut…(只能)。
You'dbetterreturnthebookstothelibraryontime.Otherwise,youwillbefined.
Ican'thelpbutwishthatnothingwouldgowrong.
Theyhadneverseensuchdeliciousfood,letaloneeatit.
3.不定式的完成体
不定式的完成体表示不定式的动作在谓语表示的动作(状态)之前完成。
Iamsorrytohavekeptyouwaitingforsuchalongtime.
Sheseemstohavereadthebookbefore.
ThebookisreportedtohavebeentranslatedintoEnglish.
HeissaidtohavewrittenanewbookaboutbusinessEnglish.
Thebankisreportedinthelocalnewspaper_______inbroaddaylightyesterday.(2000年12月)
A)robbedB)tohavebeenrobbed
C)beingrobbedD)havingbeenrobbed
本句意为：据地方报纸报道，昨天这家银行在光天化日之下遭抢劫。
不定式的动作发生在主句动作之前，故选择不定式的完成体，答案为B)。tohavebeenrobbed在句子中充当主语补足语。
不定式完成体用在was/were,planned,intended,hoped,wished等之后，表示事实上并未实现的计划或行为;intend,wish,hope,mean,plan等动词的过去完成体与不定式一般式连用，也可表示事实上并未实现的行为。
Thesecondnovelwastohavebeencompletedby1963,buttwoyearslater,theendwastillnowhereinsight.
JapanhopedtohaveextendeditspowertowholeAsia,butitdidn’tsucceed.
(=JapanhadhopedtoextenditspowertowholeAsia,butitdidn’tsucceed.)
Weplannedtohavefinishedtheworkbeforesupper.
(=Wehadplannedtofinishtheworkbeforesupper.)
4.不定式的逻辑主语
在表示人物情况、特征等的形容词后面，常用of引导不定式逻辑主语，表示对逻辑主语的评价;如果形容词仅仅修饰不定式，与逻辑主语无关，则用for引导不定式逻辑主语。
Itisverykindofyoutohavehelpedme.
Itisfoolishofhimtohavewastesomuchtimeintrivialities.
Itisveryimportantforustoholdameetingassoonaspossible.
Itwouldbesurprisingfortherenottobeanyobjectionstotheproposal.
5.不定式与分词作定语的区别
根据非谓语动词表示的时间概念确定具体的非谓语动词形式(不定式、现在分词和过去分词)。涉及将来动作时用不定式;表示已完成的动作或状态，用过去分词;表示正在进行的动作或目前的状态时，用现在分词。
Theproblemtobediscussedtomorrowisanurgentone.
(“讨论”是将来的行为，所以用不等式)
Theproblemdiscussedyesterdayisanurgentone.
(“讨论”是完成了的行为，所以用过去分词)
Theproblembeingdiscussednowisanurgentone.
(“讨论”是现在的行为，所以用现在分词)
6.不定式作宾语补足语和现在分词作宾语补足语的区别
动词不定式只说明宾语的一个动作，而现在分词则说明宾语的动作正在进行。
Justthenheheardsomeonesinginthenextroom.(在那时，他听见有人在隔壁房间里唱歌。)
Justthenheheardsomeonesinginginthenextroom.(在那时，他听见有人正在隔壁房间里唱歌。)
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