2022年6月英语四级作文范文：The Origin of the Refrigerators思维导图

相关推荐》》》2022年6月英语四级作文范文100篇（汇总）

TheOriginoftheRefrigerators

Bythemid-nineteenthcentury,thetermiceboxhadenteredtheAmericanlanguage,buticewasstillonlybeginningtoaffectthedietofordinarycitizensintheUnitedStates.Theicetradegrewwiththegrowthofcities.Icewasusedinhotels,taverns,andhospitals,andbysomeforward-lookingcitydealersinfreshmeat,freshfish,andbutter.

AftertheCivilWar(1861-1865),asicewasusedtorefrigeratefreightcars,italsocameintohouseholduse.Evenbefore1880halfoftheicesoldinNewYork,Philadelphia,andBaltimore,andone-thirdofthatsoldinBostonandChicago,wenttofamiliesfortheirownuse.

Thishadbecomepossiblebecauseanewhouseholdconvenience,theicebox,aprecursorofthemodernrefrigerator,hadbeeninvented.Makinganefficienticeboxwasnotaseasyaswemightnowsuppose.Intheearlynineteenthcentury,theknowledgeofthephysicsofheat,whichwasessentialtoascienceofrefrigeration,wasrudimentary.Thecommonsensenotionthatthebesticeboxwasonethatpreventedtheicefrommeltingwasofcoursemistaken,foritwasthemeltingoftheicethatperformedthecooling.

Nevertheless,earlyeffortstoeconomizeiceincludedwrappinguptheiceinblankets,whichkepttheicefromdoingitsjob.Notuntilneartheendofthenineteenthcenturydidinventorsachievethedelicatebalanceofinsulationandcirculationneededforanefficienticebox.Butasearlyas1803,aningeniousMarylandfarmer,ThomasMoore,hadbeenontherighttrack.Whenheusedaniceboxofhisowndesigntotransporthisbuttertomarket,hisbutter,stillfreshandhardinneat,wasworthone-poundabrick.Oneadvantageofhisicebox,Mooreexplained,wasthatfarmerswouldnolongerhavetotraveltomarketatnightinordertokeeptheirproducecool.