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2021大学英语四级美文赏析:The Origin of the Refrigerators思维导图

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查看详情2021大学英语四级美文赏析:The Origin of the Refrigerators思维导图

2021大学英语四级美文赏析:TheOriginoftheRefrigerators

树图思维导图提供 2021大学英语四级美文赏析:The Origin of the Refrigerators 在线思维导图免费制作,点击“编辑”按钮,可对 2021大学英语四级美文赏析:The Origin of the Refrigerators  进行在线思维导图编辑,本思维导图属于思维导图模板主题,文件编号是:79c5339bc6fbe49cb680c3d2a264423c

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英语四级美文:TheOriginoftheRefrigerators

Bythemid-nineteenthcentury,thetermiceboxhadenteredtheAmericanlanguage,buticewasstillonlybeginningtoaffectthedietofordinarycitizensintheUnitedStates.Theicetradegrewwiththegrowthofcities.Icewasusedinhotels,taverns,andhospitals,andbysomeforward-lookingcitydealersinfreshmeat,freshfish,andbutter.

AftertheCivilWar(1861-1865),asicewasusedtorefrigeratefreightcars,italsocameintohouseholduse.Evenbefore1880halfoftheicesoldinNewYork,Philadelphia,andBaltimore,andone-thirdofthatsoldinBostonandChicago,wenttofamiliesfortheirownuse.

Thishadbecomepossiblebecauseanewhouseholdconvenience,theicebox,aprecursorofthemodernrefrigerator,hadbeeninvented.Makinganefficienticeboxwasnotaseasyaswemightnowsuppose.Intheearlynineteenthcentury,theknowledgeofthephysicsofheat,whichwasessentialtoascienceofrefrigeration,wasrudimentary.Thecommonsensenotionthatthebesticeboxwasonethatpreventedtheicefrommeltingwasofcoursemistaken,foritwasthemeltingoftheicethatperformedthecooling.

Nevertheless,earlyeffortstoeconomizeiceincludedwrappinguptheiceinblankets,whichkepttheicefromdoingitsjob.Notuntilneartheendofthenineteenthcenturydidinventorsachievethedelicatebalanceofinsulationandcirculationneededforanefficienticebox.Butasearlyas1803,aningeniousMarylandfarmer,ThomasMoore,hadbeenontherighttrack.Whenheusedaniceboxofhisowndesigntotransporthisbuttertomarket,hisbutter,stillfreshandhardinneat,wasworthone-poundabrick.Oneadvantageofhisicebox,Mooreexplained,wasthatfarmerswouldnolongerhavetotraveltomarketatnightinordertokeeptheirproducecool.

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