2021年英语四级美文赏析：Money思维导图

Intheearlieststagesofman’sdevelopmenthehadnomoreneedofmoneythananimalshave.Hewascontentwithsimpleformsofshelterandfromnaturalmaterialsaroundhim,hemadehisownroughtoolsandweapons.Ashebecamemorecivilized,however,hebegantowantbettershelter,moreefficienttoolsandweapons,andmorecomfortableclothingthancouldbeprovidedbytheworkofhisownunskilledhands.

Forthesethingshehadtoturntotheskilledpeoplesuchassmithsandcarpenterswhowerespringingupeverywhere.Itwasthenthatthequestionofpaymentarose.Atfirsthegotwhathewantedbyasimpleprocessofexchange.Thesmithwhohadnotthetimetolookafterlandorcattlewasgladtotakemeatorgrainfromthefarmerinexchangeforanaxeoraplough.Butasmoreandmoregoodswhichhadnofixedexchangevaluecameonthemarket,exchangebecametoocomplicatedtobesatisfactory.

Anotherproblemsarosewhenthosewhomadethingswantedtogetstocksofwood，leatheroriron,buthadnothingtoofferinexchangeuntiltheirfinishedgoodswereready.Thusthedifficultiesofexchangeledbydegreestotheinventionofmoney.Insomecountries,easilyhandledthingslikeseedsorshellsweregivenacertainvalueandthefarmer,insteadofpayingthesmithforanewaxebygivinghimsomemeatorgrain,gavehimsomanyshells.

Ifthesmithhadanyshellsleftwhenhehadboughthisfood,hecouldgetstocksoftherawmaterialsofhistrade.Insomecountriesquitelargethingssuchascowsorcamelsorevenbigflatstoneswereusedfortrade.Later,piecesofmetal,bearingvaluesaccordingtotherarityofthemetalandthesizeofthepiecesofcoinswereused.Moneyasweknowithadarrived.