大学英语四级美文欣赏：真的是姜老的辣吗？思维导图

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大学英语四级美文欣赏：真的是姜老的辣吗？思维导图

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　　Americans get wiser with age. Japanese are wise from the start. 　　ONE stereotype of wisdom is a wizenedZen-master smiling benevolently at the antics of his pupils, while referri

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大学英语四级美文欣赏：真的是姜老的辣吗？思维导图模板大纲

Americansgetwiserwithage.Japanesearewisefromthestart.

ONEstereotypeofwisdomisawizenedZen-mastersmilingbenevolentlyattheanticsofhispupils,whilereferringtothemaslittlegrasshoppersorsomesuchaffectation,safeintheknowledgethatonedaythey,too,willhavebeensetonthepaththatleadstowizenedmasterhood.Butisittruethatagebringswisdom?AstudytwoyearsagoinNorthAmerica,byIgorGrossmannoftheUniversityofWaterloo,inCanada,suggestedthatitis.Inasmuchasitispossibletoquantifywisdom,DrGrossmannfoundthatelderlyAmericanshadmoreofitthanyoungsters.Hehas,however,nowextendedhisinvestigationtoAsia—thelandofthewizenedZen-master—and,inparticular,toJapan.There,hefound,incontrasttotheWest,thatthegrasshoppersaretheirmasters’equalsalmostfromthebeginning.

stereotypen.刻板印象；老套

benevolentadj.仁慈的；亲切的；仁爱的

quantifyv.量化；为……定量

DrGrossmann’sstudy,justpublishedinPsychologicalScience,recruited186Japanesefromvariouswalksoflifeandcomparedthemwith225Americans.Participantswereaskedtoreadaseriesofpretendnewspaperarticles.Halfdescribedconflictbetweengroups,suchasadebatebetweenresidentsofanimpoverishedPacificislandoverwhethertoallowforeignoilcompaniestooperatetherefollowingthediscoveryofpetroleum.(Thoseinfavourvieweditasanopportunitytogetrich;thoseagainstfearedthedisruptionofancientwaysandpotentialecologicaldamage.)Theotherhalftooktheformofadvicecolumnsthatdealtwithconflictsbetweenindividuals:siblings,friendsandspouses.Afterreadingeacharticle,participantswereasked“Whatdoyouthinkwillhappenafterthat?”and“Whydoyouthinkitwillhappenthisway?”Theirresponseswererecordedandtranscribed.

walksoflife各界；各行各业

impoverishedadj.穷困的；用尽了的，无创造性的

infavor赞同；偏向

disruptionn.破坏；毁坏

siblingn.兄弟姐妹

spousen.配偶

transcribev.转录；抄写

DrGrossmannandhiscolleaguesremovedage-relatedinformationfromthetranscripts,andalsoanycluestoparticipants’nationalities,andthenpassedtheeditedversionstoagroupofassessors.Theseassessorsweretrainedtoratetranscribedresponsesconsistently,andhadbeentestedtoshowthattheirratingswerestatisticallycomparablewithoneanother.

Theassessorsscoredparticipants’responsesonascaleofonetothree.Thisattemptedtocapturethedegreetowhichtheydiscussedwhatpsychologistsconsiderfivecrucialaspectsofwisereasoning:willingnesstoseekopportunitiestoresolveconflict;willingnesstosearchforcompromise;recognitionofthelimitsofpersonalknowledge;awarenessthatmorethanoneperspectiveonaproblemcanexist;andappreciationofthefactthatthingsmaygetworsebeforetheygetbetter.

compromisen.妥协

perspectiven.观点

Ascoreofoneonanyaspectindicatedaparticipantgavenoconsiderationtoit.Ascoreoftwoindicatedsomeconsideration.Ascoreofthreeindicatedagreatdealofconsideration.Eachparticipant’sscoreswerethenaddedupandmathematicallytransformedtocreateanoverallvaluewithinarangeofzeroto100forbothinterpersonalandintergroupwisdom.

Theupshotwasthat,asDrGrossmannhadfoundbefore,Americansdogetwiserwithage.Theirintergroupwisdomscoreaveraged45attheageof25and55at75.Theirinterpersonalscoresimilarlyclimbedfrom46to50.Japanesescores,bycontrast,hardlyvariedwithage.Both25-year-oldsand75-year-oldshadanaverageintergroupwisdomof51.Forinterpersonalwisdom,itwas53and52.

Takenatfacevalue,theseresultssuggestJapaneselearnwisdomfasterthanAmericans.Oneup,then,tothewizenedZen-masters.Buttheyalsosuggestaparadox.Generally,Americaisseenasanindividualisticsociety,whereasJapanisquitecollectivist.YetJapanesehavehigherscoresthanAmericansforthesortofinterpersonalwisdomyoumightthinkwouldbeusefulinanindividualisticsociety.Americans,bycontrast—atleastinthematurityofoldage—havemoreintergroupwisdomthanthepurportedlycollectivistJapanese.Perhaps,then,youneedindividualskillswhensocietyiscollective,andsocialoneswhenitisindividualistic.Allofwhichgoestoshowthattherealrootofwisdomisthis:donotassume,littlegrasshopper,thatyourprejudicesarecorrect.

paradoxn.悖论；似是而非的观点

Questiontime:

1.What'sthefindingofDrGrossmann'sresearch?

2.Whatarethecrucialaspectsofwisereasoning?

【参考答案】

1.Americansgetwiserwithage.Japanesearewisefromthestart.

2.willingnesstoseekopportunitiestoresolveconflict;willingnesstosearchforcompromise;recognitionofthelimitsofpersonalknowledge;awarenessthatmorethanoneperspectiveonaproblemcanexist;andappreciationofthefactthatthingsmaygetworsebeforetheygetbetter.

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