Morphology 形态学思维导图
充分了解大学校园教育中关于英语语言学概论的内容（Morphology 形态学），记住关键知识点。
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思维导图大纲
Morphology 形态学思维导图模板大纲
基础概念
1
morphemes (语素)
Morphemes are the minimal meaningful units in the grammatical system of a language.
allomorphs (语素变体)
Allomorphs are the realizations of a particular morpheme.
morphs (形素)
Morphs are the realizations of morphemes in general and are the actual forms used to realize morphemes.
2
roots (词根)
Roots is defined as the most important part of a word that carries the principal meaning.
affixes (词缀)
Affixes are morphemes that lexically depend on roots and do not convey the fundamental meaning of words.
free morphemes (自由语素)
Free morphemes are those which can exist as individual words.
bound morphemes (粘着语素)
Bound morphemes are those which cannot occur on their own as separate words
3
inflectional affixes (屈折词缀)
refer to affixes that serve to indicate grammatical relations, but do not change its part of speech.
derivational affixes (派生词缀)
refer to affixes that are added to words in order to change its grammatical category or its meaning.
4
empty morph (空语子)
Empty morph means a morph which has form but no meaning
zero morph (零语子)
Zero morph refers to a morph which has meaning but no form.
5
IC Analysis (直接成分分析)
IC analysis is the analysis to analyze a linguistic expression (both a word and a sentence) into a hierarchically defined series of constituents.
6
immediate constituents (直接成分)
A immediate constituent is any one of the largest grammatical units that constitute a construction. Immediate constituents are often further reducible.
ultimate constituents (最后成分)
Ultimate constituents are those grammatically irreducible units that constitute constructions.
7
morphological rules (形态学规则)
The principles that determine how morphemes are combined into new words are said to be morphological rules.
8
word-formation process (构词法)
Word-formation process mean the rule-governed processes of forming new words on the basis of already existing linguistic resources.
重点
What is IC Analysis
IC analysis is the analysis to analyze a linguistic expression (both a word and a sentence) into a hierarchically defined series of constituents.
How are morphemes classified
Semantically speaking, morphemes are grouped into two categories: root morphemes and affixational morphemes
Structurally speaking, they are divided into two types: free morphemes and bound morphemes
Explain the interrelations between semantic and structural classifications of morphemes
All free morphemes are roots but not all roots are free morphemes
All affixes are bound morphemes, but not all bound morphemes are affixes
What’s the difference between an empty morph and a zero morph
Empty morph means a morph that has form but no meaning
Zero morph refers to a morph that has meaning but no form
Explain the differences between inflectional and derivational affixes in term of both function and position
Functionally
Inflectional affixes sever to mark grammatical relations and never create new words while derivational affixes can create new words.
Inflectional affixes do not cause a change in grammatical class while derivational affixes very often but not always cause a change in grammatical class
In term of position
Inflectional affixes are suffixes while derivational affixes can be suffixes or prefixes
Inflectional affixes are always after derivational affixes if both are present. And derivational affixes are always before inflectional suffixes if both are present
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