背景,影响,核心与代表人物内容讲解
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经济Economy:资本主义经济进一步发展 The capitalist economy has developed further
政治Politics:封建专制制度严重阻碍了资本主义发展 Feudal autocracy seriously hindered the development of capitalism
阶级Class:资产阶级力量壮大 The bourgeoisie grew in strength
思想Thought: 文艺复兴、宗教改革推动人们思想解放 The Renaissance and the Reformation promoted people's ideological liberation
科技Science and Technology:自然科学的发展,增强了人们认识世界的信心
理性
含义Meaning:人的思考和判断 People's thinking and judgment
目的Objective:保障人的自然权利 Protecting the natural rights of man
伏尔泰
主张claim
反对君主专制,提倡君主立宪制 Oppose absolute monarchy and advocate constitutional monarchy
提倡”天赋人 权”,自由平等 Oppose absolute monarchy and advocate constitutional monarchy
抨击天主教会 Slamming the Catholic Church
法律空上,法律面前人人平等 The law is empty, everyone is equal before the law
著作writings
《哲学通信》 Philosophical Communications
《路易十四时代》The Age of Louis XIV
“十八世纪是伏尔泰的世纪”" The eighteenth century was the century of Voltaire
孟德斯鸠
主张claim
三权分立Separation of powers
法律是理性的体现 The law is the embodiment of reason
著作writings
《论法的精神》On the Spirit of Law
卢梭
主张claim
天赋人 权Human rights by talent
社会契约论Social contract theory
人民主权The Record of the Plum Tree
财产私有制是人类不平等的根源 On the Origins of Human Inequality
著作writings
《社会契约论》 People should think independently and judge rationally
《杆梅录》
《论人类不平等的起源》 On the Origins of Human Inequality
康德
主张claim
人应独立思考,理性判断 People should think independently and judge rationally
”人非工具“Man is not a tool
自由平等在法律的法律范围之内 Freedom and equality are within the law
解放思想,推翻专制王朝,建立资产阶级统治Emancipate the mind, overthrow the autocratic dynasty, establish bourgeois rule
传播自由平等思想 Spread the idea of freedom and equality
鼓舞了殖民地和半殖民地人民争取民族独立的斗争 Inspired the struggle of the colonial and semi-colonial peoples for national independence
推动了人类历史的发展进程It has Promoted the development process of human history
具有阶级、时代的局限性,为资产阶级服务Have the limitations of class, times, and serve the bourgeoisie
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