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本导图概括的是名词性从句的有关知识。

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主语从句

主语从句在复合句中作主句的主语，常用it作形式主语。引导主语从句的词：that, whether, who, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever, when, why, where, how等。

It suddenly occurred to him that he hadn’t finished his assignment.

It doesn’t matter whether you hand in your homework this week or next week.

What she is finding is a book.

That she likes me makes me happy.= It makes me happy that she likes me.

宾语从句

1.由关联词that引导的宾语从句时， that在句中不充当任何成分，在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去，但如果从句是并列句时，第二个分句前的that不可省略。

He said (that) he was innocent and that should be set free immediately.他说他是无辜的，应立即释放。

2. 由who， whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句，应注意句子的语序要用陈述语序。

I want to know what he said to you yesterday.我想知道他昨天对你说的话。

3. 在宾语从句中，引导词whether和if 基本一样，但介词后的宾语从句多用whether。

I will see whether/if she is at home.我会看看她是否在家。

Everything will depend on whether the negotiation will go on smoothly.一切都将取决于谈判是否会顺利进行。

4.that，what引导宾语从句的区别

在宾语从句中， that没有词义，在句中不作任何成分。当从句意义完整，不缺任何成分时，往往选用that；而what引导宾语从句时，意为“什么” ，有时候可以不译，在从句中作主语或宾语。

You should pay attention to what is mentioned above.

The story tells us that everybody should spare no effort to achieve what he wants.

5.Like, hate, appreciate引导宾语从句

有些动词或动词短语，如like, hate, appreciate,depend on ,see to 等，一般不直接跟宾语从句，需要在从句前加上it。

I would appreciate it if you could take my suggestions into consideration.如果你能考虑我的建议，我将不胜感激。

I don’t like it when you look at me like that.我不喜欢你那样看着我。

表语从句

引导表语从句的词有that， whether， who, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever, when, why, where, how，because等。

China is no longer what she used to be in the old society.中国不再是她过去在旧社会的样子了。

One reason for her preference for the city life is that she can have easy access to places like shops and restaurants.她喜欢城市生活的一个原因是她可以很容易地去商店和餐馆等地方。

同位语从句

同位语从句常放在fact， news， doubt, problem, promise, idea等名词后面，常用引导词有that，who， whether， why， when, where等。

I made a promise to myself that this year , I will make a big difference to myself.我向自己保证，今年我会给自己带来很大的改变。

The fact that she didn't like mereally hurts me.她不喜欢这件事让我很伤心。

we are talking about the problem whether he should buy a bike.我们正在讨论他是否应该买一辆自行车的问题。

同位语从句和定语从句的三点区别

1. 从词类上区别，同位语从句前面的名词只能是idea,fact,news,hope,belief,suggestion,proposal,word,thought,doubt,truth,possibility,promise,order等有一定内涵的名词，而定语从句的先行词可以是名词、代词、主句的一部分或是整个主句。如:

Thepossibility that the majority of the labour force will work at home is oftendiscussed.人们经常讨论大多数劳动力将会在家里工作的可能性 (同位语从句)

Weare not looking into the question whether he is worth trusting. 我们正在调查的问题不是他是否值得信赖的问题 (同位语从句)

Wordcame that he had been abroad. 据说他已经出国了 (同位语从句)

Ourteam has won the game, which made us very happy. 我们的队赢了,这让我们很高兴 (定语从句)

Thedoctor whom you are looking for is in the room. 你找的那位医生在房间里面 (定语从句)

Hismother did all she could to help him with his study. 他妈妈尽她的最大努力帮助他的学习 (定语从句,代词all作先行词?)

2. 从性质上区别，定语从句是从句对其先行词的修饰或限制,属于形容词性从句的范畴;而同位语从句是从句对前面抽象名词的进一步的说明和解释,属于名词性从句的范畴如:

Thenews that our team has won the game was true. 我们队赢了那场比赛的消息是真的 (同位语从句,补充说明news到底是一个什么消息)

Thenews that he told me yesterday was true. 昨天他告诉我的那个消息是真的 (定语从句,news在从句中作told的宾语)

Imade a promise that if anyone set me free I would make him very rich. 我许诺如果谁让我自由,我就让他非常富有 (同位语从句,补充说明promise到底是一个什么诺言)

Themother made a promise that pleased all her children. 妈妈做出了一个令她的孩子们高兴的许诺 (定语从句,promise在从句中作pleased的主语)

3. 从引导词及其在句子中的成分上区别，有些引导词如how, whether, what可以引导同位语从句,但不能引导定语从句如:

Thatquestion whether we need it has not been considered. 我们是否需要它这个问题还没有考虑 (同位语从句)

Ihave no idea what has happened to him. 我不知道他发生了什么事 (同位语从句)

引导词that引导定语从句时,在从句中一般作主语或宾语(指物时还可以用which代替),并且作宾语时常常省略that在同位语从句中仅起连接作用,不充当任何成分,并且不能省略,也不能用which来代替如:

Theorder that we should send a few people to help the other groups was receivedyesterday. 我们应派几个人去帮别的几个小组的命令昨天收到了(同位语从句,是对order的具体解释,that虽不作成分,但不能省略)

Theorder that we received yesterday was that we should send a few people to helpthe other groups. 我们昨天收到的命令是我们应该派几个人去帮助别的几个小组(定语从句,是名词order的修饰语,that在从句中作received的宾语,可以省略)