试论倾销的认定及相关问题研究思维导图

倾销是国际贸易中的一种不正当竞争行为，一直倍受西方国家的重视，自1904年加拿大率先颁布了反倾销法之后，许多国家和地区纷纷效仿，通过制定反倾销法来抵制外来商品基于倾销价格的竞争优势。反倾销是指当进口产品以倾销价格进入一国境内，并对该国的相关产业造成实质损害时，该国有权通过对倾销产品征收反倾销税或采取其他类似措施来消除倾销产品的消极影响，它作为进口国可以采取的一种主要的贸易救济手段已为世界各国所公认。

原关税和贸易总协定(GATT)第六条是世界上第一个具有实际效力反倾销条款，将倾销的定义为：“将一国产品以低于正常价值的方法进入另一国的市场，如因此对某一缔约国领土内业以建立的某项工业造成实质性的损害或产生实质性损害威胁，或者对某一国产业的兴建产生实质性的阻碍，这种倾销应该受到谴责。”由于这一条款规定过于原则和笼统，所以在“东京回合”多边贸易谈判中个成员方制定了《关于执行关税和贸易总协定第六条的协议》，并在“乌拉圭回合”形成了《关于执行1994年关税和贸易总协定第六条的协议》即《1994年协议》，这一系列协议使得国际间反倾销法律约束机制变得更加完善。 2001年12月10日在中国正式加入世界贸易组织的前夕，国务院颁布了《中华人民共和国反倾销条例》(以下简称《反倾销条例》)，该条例第三条规定：“倾销，是指在正常贸易过程中进口产品以低于其正常价格进入中华人民共和国市场。”同时宣告废止原来的《反倾销反补贴条例》中关于反倾销规定：并且在2002年的《最高人民法院关于审理反倾销行政案件应用法律若干问题的规定》，这一系列举措足以显示我国政府严格履行国际义务，适应经济全球化的决心和立场。

木文主要从实体法的对比了wTO反倾销法律规定，以及发达国家反倾销法律规定，运月法学和经济学的观点，充分分析倾销的三个构成要件:第一、产品以低一于;卜:书价格或公平价格销售;第三、这种低价销售的行为给进口国相关产业造成了损害:第三、损害与低价销售之间存在着因果关系:然后紧紧围绕着构成要件展开论述揭示了反倾销立法的本质和其有的局限性，并对相关问题:非市场经济国家的地位、反规避法律的制定、国内产业确定以及对反倾销行政案件的司法审查制度的建立进行了研究和探讨，这些问题都不同程度地影响认定倾销是否成立，并为完善我国反倾销立法和司法实践提供一些参考。

Dumping is one kind of unfair competitive conducts in international trade, which has been seriously considered by western countries. Since the Canadian promulgation of Anti-dumping Law, many countries and states consequently followed and promulgated the Anti-dumping Law so as to withstand the competitive advantages of exterior dumping commodities based dumping price. Anti-dumping means that the importing goods based dumping pricing entering a country cause some substantial damages to its country corresponding industries, and this country is authorized to levy anti-dumping taxes and take some others similar measures to relieve the negative effects caused by the dumping goods. This significant trading relief method conducted by importing country has been commonly recognized by the most countries.

The Article VI on General Agreement of Trade and Tariff (GATT) is the first legally effectible anti-dumping clause, whose definition of Dumping is that a product introduced into the commerce of another country is sold lower than normal value, causing material damages and material damage threat for the importing country" s established industry or causing material retardation for establishing industry, therefore this dumping is condemnable. Because the stipulation of this definition is too general and abstract, so in the "Kennedy Round " the contractingmembers constituted the <> , and in the "Uruguay Round" contracted the <<1994 Agreement>> .

The series of agreement has made the international anti-dumping mechanism sound.In the Eve of China officially becoming a membership of WTO, the PRC State Council issued the <> , in which the definition of dumping is that the importing goods are sold less than normal value to the market of PRC and abolished the relative outdated legal stipulations. Meanwhile the Supreme Court of PRC instituted relative provision concerning the juridical review for the anti-dumping cases.This paper mainly set up to comparing the WTO anti-dumping and developed countries" anti-dumping law in the prospective of substantial law, and fully analyze the three prerequisites of dumping cognizance: the first is that importing goods are sold at the price less than normal or fair value, the second is that the selling cause some damages for importing country relative industry, the third is that there is causation.

With maximum considerations for the three preconditions of dumping, this paper attempts to narrate the essence of anti-dumping legislation and disclose its restrictions. This paper also makes some probing for some issues with regard to the dumping recognition such as non-market economy state trading, anti-evasion, domestic industry and judicial review for anti-dumping cases, rendering some references for our country"s anti-dumping legislation and jurisprudence