决胜六级--简答题目及答案（一）思维导图

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hat experiences influence subsequent behaviour is evidence of an obvious but nevertheless remarkable activity called remembering. Learning could not occur without the function popularly named memory.

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决胜六级--简答题目

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决胜六级--简答题目及答案（一）思维导图模板大纲

hatexperiencesinfluencesubsequentbehaviourisevidenceofanobviousbutneverthelessremarkableactivitycalledremembering.Learningcouldnotoccurwithoutthefunctionpopularlynamedmemory.Constantpracticehassuchaneffectonmemoryastoleadtoskillfulperformanceonthepiano,torecitationofapoem,andeventoreadingandunderstandingthesewords.Socalledintelligentbehaviourdemandsmemory,rememberingbeingaprimaryrequirementforreasoning.Theabilitytosolveanyproblemoreventorecognizethataproblemexistsdependsonmemory.Typically,thedecisiontocrossastreetisbasedonrememberingmanyearlierexperiences.

Practice(orreview)tendstobuildandmaintainmemoryforataskorforanylearnedmaterial.Overaperiodofnopracticewhathasbeenlearnedtendstobeforgotten;andtheadaptiveconsequencesmaynotseemobvious.Yet,dramaticinstancesofsuddenforgettingcanbeseentobeadaptive.Inthissense,theabilitytoforgetcanbeinterpretedtohavesurvivedthroughaprocessofnaturalselectioninanimals.Indeed,whenone’smemoryofanemotionallypainfulexperienceleadstoseriousanxiety,forgettingmayproducerelief.Nevertheless,anevolutionaryinterpretationmightmakeitdifficulttounderstandhowthecommonlygradualprocessofforgettingsurvivednaturalselection.

Inthinkingabouttheevolutionofmemorytogetherwithallitspossibleaspects,itishelpfultoconsiderwhatwouldhappenifmemoriesfailedtofade.Forgettingclearlyaidsorientationintime,sinceoldmemoriesweakenandthenewtendtostandout,providingcluesforinferringduration.Withoutforgetting,adaptiveabilitywouldsuffer;forexample,learnedbehaviourthatmighthavebeencorrectadecadeagomaynolongerbe.Casesarerecordedofpeoplewho(byordinarystandards)forgotsolittlethattheireverydayactivitieswerefullofconfusion.Thusforgettingseemstoservethesurvivaloftheindividualandthespecies.

Anotherlineofthoughtassumesamemorystoragesystemoflimitedcapacitythatprovidesadaptiveflexibilityspecificallythroughforgetting.Inthisview,continualadjustmentsaremadebetweenlearningormemorystorage(imput)andforgetting(output).Indeed,thereisevidencethattherateatwhichindividualsforgetisdirectlyrelatedtohowmuchtheyhavelearned.Suchdataoffergrosssupportofcontemporarymodelsofmemorythatassumeaninputouputbalance.Questions:

1.AccordingtoPara.1,memoryplaysanimportantrolein____.

2.Wecanobviouslynoticethatoveraperiodofnopracticewhathasbee

nlearnedtendstobeforgottenfrom______.

3.Itseemsthattheauthordisagreetoexplain_____.

4.Ifmemoriesfailedtofade,_______.

5.Accordingtotheassumptiongivenin!lastpara.,wedon’texactlyknow______

短文大意

本文对于人的记忆和遗忘功能一题，进行了详细的论述。文中指出，记忆对学习，对智力

活动，解决问题的能力，都起着重要的作用。然而，遗忘功能也是功不可没的。因为，假

如记忆力永不衰退，人的适应能力将被削弱，人的日常生活行动将会混乱。文章在最后

，又引入了另一个有关记忆与遗忘之间关系的理论。

1.【参考答案】learning,intelligentbehaviorandtheabilitytosolveanyproblem

【解题技巧】将同类的内容进行归纳总结，提取原话是解决本题的方法。

【详细解答】本题的答案散落在第一段中，我们可分别发现：Learningcouldnotoccurwithoutthefuntionpopularlynamedmemory.(没有这个通常被称为记忆的功能，学习不可能进行。)…Socalledintelligentbehaviordemandsmemory.(通常所说的智力活动需要记忆力。)Theabilitytosolveanyproblemoreventorecognizethataproblemexistsdependsonmemory.(解决任何问题的能力，甚至发现问题是否存在的能力，均有赖于记忆力。)因此，将Learning,intelligentbehavior,theabilitytosolveanyproblem提取出来，即可。

2.【参考答案】dramaticinstancesofsuddenforgetting

【解题技巧】从既定的结果入手，寻找存在的条件是本题技巧。

【详细解答】问题问的是：根据什么，我们可以明显看出一段时间不练习，已学到的东西会逐渐遗忘。在第二段中，我们可以看到本题已知的结果：Overaperiodofnopracticewhathasbeenlearnedtendstobeforgotten.下面一句说的是andtheadaptiveconsequencemaynotseemobvious.(而且这种自身适应的后果看来并不明显。)这一句离题更近了，下面就得到了答案：dramaticinstancesofsuddenforgettingcanbeenseemtobeadaptive.

3.【参考答案】howtheprocessofforgettingsurvivedbyevolutionaryinterpretation

【解题技巧】从间接的否定进入直接的否定，并抛开原文中不必要的修饰词。

【详细解答】问题是：作者似乎不同意解释什么。这句话的问题很明确。然而，在英语语言中，一些表示否定的话语，说得却很委婉。第二段的最后：Nevertheless,anevolutionaryinterpretationmightmakeitdifficulttounderstandhowthecommonlygradualprocessofforgettingsurvivednaturalselection.然而，一个进化论的解释也许使人难以理解这个很普通的逐渐遗忘过程怎样会经历自然选择后仍保留下来。那么，mightmakeitdifficult,即是一种委婉的否定。因为是简短回答，可以把修饰词commonly,gradual,naturalselection去掉，留下词干就可以了。

4.【参考答案】adaptiveabilitywouldsuffer

【答题技巧】寻找与题相关的类似说法，是本题的技巧。

【详细解答】第三段句首有这样一句话：Inthinkingabouttheevolutionofmemorytogetherwithallitspossibleaspects,itishelpfultoconsiderwhatwouldhappenifmemoriesfailedtofade.文中有：Withoutforgetting,adaptiveabilitywouldsuffer.在这句中，withoutforgetting取意与ifmemoriesfailedtofade相同。

5.【参考答案】howadjustmentsaremadebetweenmemoryandforgetting

【解题技巧】根据已知的东西去推测判定隐含的内容。

【详细解答】这个问题问的是：依据最后一段，给出的假定理论，我们知道什么。这种问题，需要我们依据文中内容来作出合理的推测，最后一段指出：Inthisview,continualadjustmentsaremadebetweenlearningormemorystorageandforgetting.依据这种观念(假定中的观点)，学习或记忆储存和遗忘之间可不断调整。Indeed,thereisevidencethattherateatwhichindividualsforgetisrelatedtohowmuchtheyhavelearned.的确，有证据表明：一个人的遗忘率与他的学习量直接有关，根据已知的信息，可做以下合理的判断：一个人遗忘率与学习量虽然有关，但是个什么样的关系?再由具体推向抽象，记忆与遗忘可不断调整，怎么调整?据此，我们利用原文，答案可总结为：howadjustmentsaremadebetweenmemoryandforgetting.