四级阅读怎样准确找出文章的中心思想(二)思维导图

Example:

Arapidmeansoflong-distancetransportationbecameanecessityfortheUnitedStatesassettlement(新拓居地)spreadeverfartherwestward.Theearlytrainswereimpracticalcuriosities,andforalongtimetherailroadcompaniesmetwithtroublesomemechanicalproblems.Themostseriousonesweretheconstructionofrailsabletobeartheload,andthedevelopmentofasafe,effectivestoppingsystem.Oncetheseweresolved,therailroadwasestablishedasthebestmeansoflandtransportation.By1860therewerethousandsofmilesofrailroadscrossingtheeasternmountainrangesandreachingwestwardtotheMississippi.Therewerealsoregionalsouthernandwesternlines.

Thehighpointinrailroadbuildingcamewiththeconstructionofthefirsttranscontinentalsystem.In1862congressauthorizedtwowesternrailroadcompaniestobuildlinesfromNebraskawest-wardandfromCaliforniaeastwardtoameetingpoint,soastocompleteatranscontinentalcrossinglinkingtheAtlanticseaboardwiththePacific.TheGovernmenthelpedtherailroadsgenerouslywithmoneyandlandActualworkonthisprojectbeganfouryearslater.moneyandland.Actualworkonthisprojectbeganfouryearslater.TheCentralPacificCompany,startingfromCalifornia,usedChineselabor,whiletheUnionPacificemployedcrewsofIrishlaborers.Thetwogroupsworkedatremarkablespeed,eachtryingto.coveragreaterdistancethantheother.Inl869theymetataplacecalledPromontoryinwhatisnowthestateofUtah.Manyvisitorscamethereforthegreatoccasion.Therewerejoyouscelebrationsallthecountry,withparadesandtheringingofchurchbellstohonorthegreatachievement.

Therailroadwasveryimportantinencouragingwestwardmovement.Italsohelpedbuildupindustryandfarmingbymovingrawmaterialsandbydistributingproductsrapidlytodistantmarkets.InlinkingtownsandpeopletooneanotherithelpedunifytheUnitedStates.

Thebesttitleforthispassagewouldbe__________.

A)SettlementsSpreadWestward

B)TheCoast-to-CoastRailroad:AVitalLink

C)AmericanRailroadHistory

D)TheImportanceofTrainsintheAmericanEconomy

本题是给文章选标题，实际上也是问及全篇的主旨。文章第一段的第一句虽然提到"settlementspreadeverfartherwestward",但这不是本文论述的中心，太故选项A）是错的；选项D）也不合适，因为作者在第三段第二句里谈的是在美国起重要作用的transcontinentalrailway,而不是泛指美国的铁路；虽然本文从一个侧面反映了美国铁路的历史，故选项C)也是错的；本文的第三段点了文章的主旨，即这条横贯美国的铁路在开发西部、发展工农业生产和统一美国等方面起到了avitallink的作用。因此，答案应该是选项B）

Wefindthatbrightchildrenarerarelyheldbackbymixed-abilityteaching.Onthecontrary,boththeirknowledgeandexperienceareenriched.Wefeelthattherearemanydisadvantagesinstreaming(把...按能力分班)pupils.Itdoesnottakeintoaccountthefactthatchildrendevelopatdifferentrates.Itcanhaveabadeffectonboththebrightandthenot-so-brightchild.Afterall,itcanquitediscouragingtobeatthebottomofthetopgrade!

Besides,itisratherunrealtogradepeoplejustaccordingtoheirintellectualability.Thisisonlyoneaspectoftheirtotalpersonality.Weareconcernedtodeveloptheabilitiesofallourpupilstothefull,notjusttheiracademicability.Wealsovaluepersonalqualitiesandsocialskills,andwefindthatmixed-abilityteachingcon-tributestoalltheseaspectsoflearning.

Inourclassrooms,weworkinvariousways.Thepupilsoftenworkingroups:thisgivesthemtheopportunitytolearntocooper-ate,toshare,andtodevelopleadershipskills.Theyalsolearnhowtocopewithpersonalproblemsaswellaslearninghowtothink,tomakedecisions,toanalyzeandevaluate,andtocommunicateeffectively.Thepupilslearnfromeachotheraswellasfromtheteacher.Sometimesthepupilsworkinpairs`,sometimestheyworkonindividualtasksandassignments,andtheycandothisattheirownspeed.Theyalsohavesomeformalclassteachingwhenthisisappropriate.Weencourageourpupilstousethelibrary,andweteachthemtheskillstheyneedinordertodothisefficiently.Anadvancedpupilcandoadvancedwork:itdoesnotmatterwhatagethechildis.Weexpectourpupilstodotheirbest,nottheirleast,andwegivethemeveryencouragementtoattainthisgoal.

Theauthor'spurposeinwritingthispassageisto________.

A)argueforteachingbrightandnot-so-brightpupilsinthesameclass

B)recommendpairworkandgroupworkforclassroomactivities

C)offeradviceontheproperuseofthelibrary

D)emphasizetheimportanceofappropriateformalclassroom