Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions an
树图思维导图提供 2017年6月英语四级阅读选词填空练习题及答案(十一) 在线思维导图免费制作,点击“编辑”按钮,可对 2017年6月英语四级阅读选词填空练习题及答案(十一) 进行在线思维导图编辑,本思维导图属于思维导图模板主题,文件编号是:9acd60f0a87c3390fc4b46e18d171bde
2017年6月英语四级阅读选词填空练习题及答案(十一)思维导图模板大纲
Psychologiststakeopposingviewsofhowexternalrewards,fromwarmpraisetocoldcash,affectmotivationandcreativity.Behaviorists,whostudytherelationbetweenactionsandtheirconsequences,arguethatrewardscan__1__performanceatworkandschool.Cognitive(认识派的)researchers,whostudyvariousaspectsofmentallife,maintainthatrewardsoftendestroycreativitybyencouragingdependenceon__2__andgiftsfromothers.
Thelatterviewhasgainedmanysupporters,__3__amongeducators.Butthecarefuluseofsmall__4__rewardsspeakscreativityingradeschoolchildren,suggestingthatproperlypresentedinducements(刺激)indeed__5__inventiveness,accordingtoastudyintheJuneJournalofPersonalityandSocialPsychology.
“Ifkidsknowthey’reworkingforarewardandcanfocusonarelatively__6__task,theyshowthemostcreativity,”saysRobertEisenbergeroftheUniversityofDelawareinNewark.“Butit’seasyto__7__creativitybygivingrewardsforpoorperformanceorcreatingtoomuchanticipationforrewards.
Ateacherwhocontinuallydrawsattentiontorewardsorwhohandsourhighgradesfor__8__achievementendsuPwithuninspiredstudents,Eisenbergerholds.Asanexampleofthelatterpoint,henotesgrowingeffortsatmajoruniversitiestotightengradingstandardsand__9__failinggrades.
Inearlygrades,theuseofso-calledtokeneconomies,inwhichstudentshandlechallengingproblemsandreceiveperformance-basedpointstowardvaluedrewards,shows__10__inraisingeffortsandcreativity,theDelawarepsychologistclaims.
[A]mental
[B]promise
[C]kill
[D]avoid
[E]hope
[F]especially
[G]aid
[H]ordinary
[I]approval
[J]monetary
[K]generally
[L]improve
[M]challenging
[N]restore
[O]excellent
1.L
2.I
3.F
4.J
5.G
6.M
7.C
8.H
9.N
10.B
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