Method of Scientific Inquiry Why the inductive and mathematical sciences, after their first rapid development at the culmination of Greek civilization, advanced so slowly for
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MethodofScientificInquiry
Whytheinductiveandmathematicalsciences,aftertheirfirstrapiddevelopmentattheculminationofGreekcivilization,advancedsoslowlyfortwothousandyears—andwhyinthefollowingtwohundredyearsaknowledgeofnaturalandmathematicalsciencehasaccumulated,whichsovastlyexceedsallthatwaspreviouslyknownthatthesesciencesmaybejustlyregardedastheproductsofourowntimes—arequestionswhichhaveinterestedthemodernphilosophernotlessthantheobjectswithwhichthesesciencesaremoreimmediatelyconversant.Wasittheemploymentofanewmethodofresearch,orintheexerciseofgreatervirtueintheuseoftheoldmethods,thatthissingularmodernphenomenonhaditsorigin?Wasthelongperiodoneofarresteddevelopment,andisthemoderneraoneofnormalgrowth?Orshouldweascribethecharacteristicsofbothperiodstoso-calledhistoricalaccidents—totheinfluenceofconjunctionsincircumstancesofwhichnoexplanationispossible,saveintheomnipotenceandwisdomofaguidingProvidence?
Theexplanationwhichhasbecomecommonplace,thattheancientsemployeddeductionchieflyintheirscientificinquiries,whilethemodernsemployinduction,provestobetoonarrow,andfailsuponcloseexaminationtopointwithsufficientdistinctnessthecontrastthatisevidentbetweenancientandmodernscientificdoctrinesandinquiries.Forallknowledgeisfoundedonobservation,andproceedsfromthisbyanalysis,bysynthesisandanalysis,byinductionanddeduction,andifpossiblebyverification,orbynewappealstoobservationundertheguidanceofdeduction—bystepswhichareindeedcorrelativepartsofonemethod;andtheancientsciencesaffordexamplesofeveryoneofthesemethods,orpartsofonemethod,whichhavebeengeneralizedfromtheexamplesofscience.
Afailuretoemployortoemployadequatelyanyoneofthesepartialmethods,animperfectionintheartsandresourcesofobservationandexperiment,carelessnessinobservation,neglectofrelevantfacts,byappealtoexperimentandobservation—thesearethefaultswhichcauseallfailurestoascertaintruth,whetheramongtheancientsorthemoderns;butthisstatementdoesnotexplainwhythemodernispossessedofagreatervirtue,andbywhatmeansheattainedhissuperiority.Muchlessdoesitexplainthesuddengrowthofscienceinrecenttimes.
Theattempttodiscovertheexplanationofthisphenomenonintheantithesisof“facts”and“theories”or“facts”and“ideas”—intheneglectamongtheancientsoftheformer,andtheirtooexclusiveattentiontothelatter—provesalsotobetoonarrow,aswellasopentothechargeofvagueness.Forinthefirstplace,theantithesisisnotcomplete.Factsandtheoriesarenotcoordinatespecies.Theories,iftrue,arefacts—aparticularclassoffactsindeed,generallycomplex,andifalogicalconnectionsubsistsbetweentheirconstituents,haveallthepositiveattributesoftheories.
Nevertheless,thisdistinction,howeverinadequateitmaybetoexplainthesourceoftruemethodinscience,iswellfounded,andconnotesanimportantcharacterintruemethod.Afactisapropositionofsimple.Atheory,ontheotherhand,iftruehasallthecharacteristicsofafact,exceptthatitsverificationispossibleonlybyindirect,remote,anddifficultmeans.Toconverttheoriesintofactsistoaddsimpleverification,andthetheorythusacquiresthefullcharacteristicsofafact.
[A].Philosophyofmathematics.[B].TheRecentGrowthinScience.
[C].TheVerificationofFacts.[C].MethodsofScientificInquiry.
[A].thesimilaritybetweenthetwoperiods.
[B].thatitwasanactofGod.
[C].thatbothtriedtodeveloptheinductivemethod.
[D].duetothedeclineofthedeductivemethod.
[A].isthatthelatterneedsconfirmation.
[B].restsonthesimplicityoftheformer.
[C].isthedifferencebetweenthemodernscientistsandtheancientGreeks.
[D].helpsustounderstandthedeductivemethod.
[A].aninductivescience.[B].inneedofsimpleverification.
[C].adeductivescience.[D].basedonfactandtheory.
[A].ametaphor.[B].aparadox.
[C].anappraisaloftheinductiveanddeductivemethods.
[D].apun.
答案:
A.数学的哲学,文内没有提。B.近来科学的发展。C.事实的验证,只是最后两段提及验证方法之作用。
A.两个阶段的相似性。.两者都试图应用归纳法。D.由于演绎法的衰落。
B.前者简单。C.是现代科学家和古希腊的差异。D.帮助我们了解演绎法,三项都不对。
A.归纳法科学。B.需要简单证实。D.基于事实和理论。
A.比喻。C.对归纳法和演绎法的赞扬。D.双关语。
大学英语四六级考试CET46