大学英语四级美文欣赏：伦敦暴乱与政府削减开支思维导图

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大学英语四级美文欣赏：伦敦暴乱与政府削减开支思维导图

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　　When London stopped burning, the political debate about the causes of unrestbegan to heat up. At one end of the spectrum, Ken Livingstone blamed the government's cutbacksat th

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WhenLondonstoppedburning,thepoliticaldebateaboutthecausesofunrestbegantoheatup.Atoneendofthespectrum,KenLivingstoneblamedthegovernment'scutbacksattheother,DavidCameronattributedtheunresttocriminalbehaviour,pureandsimple.Manyofthecutsannouncedbythecoalitiongovernmenthaven'tbeenimplementedyet;butitisalsotruethatthereisrealdeprivationinmanypartsofLondon,andlocalserviceshavebeencutinsomeareasalready.So,wheredosuddenconflagrationssuchasthoseinLondonlastweekcomefrom?

heatup（话题）升温

attribute…to…把……归因于

pureandsimple十足的；完全的

implementv.实施；执行

conflagrationn.冲突；大火

Aconstructivewaytoapproachsuchacomplexquestionistodistinguishbetweentheincidentsthattouchoffunrest,andtheunderlyingcausesthatmakeitmorelikely.Whenapetrolstationburnsdown,youdon'tjustwanttoknowwhodroppedthecigarette;youwanttoknowwhyallthecombustiblefumesescaped.Socialunrestandinstabilityistypicallydifficulttoexplain.Inmostyears,nothinghappens;then,suddenly,violenceerupts.Academicshavetriedtounderstandwhichfactorsareinvolvedincreatingexplosivesocialenvironments.AccordingtoworkonUSraceriotsbytheeconomistEdGlaeser,forexample,ethnicheterogeneityinaneighbourhoodincreasestheprobabilityofunrest.Sodoesunemployment.Poverty,ontheotherhand,seemstoplayasmallerrole.

touchoff触发；引起

underlyingadj.潜在的；根本的

eruptv.爆发；喷发

raceriot种族暴乱；种族冲突

Inarecentstudy,wefocusedonthelinkbetweenausteritymeasuresandunrest.Weanalysedalargenumberofcountries,overalmostacentury,tounearthsomeempiricalregularities.Intwostudies,weanalysedunrestin28Europeancountriesfrom1919to2009,andin11LatinAmericancountriessince1937.Whatwefoundisaclearandpositivestatisticalassociationbetweenexpenditurecutsandthelevelofunrest.

austerityn.紧缩

unearthv.揭露；发掘

empiricalregularity经验规律性

expenditurecuts支出削减

Toconstructourmeasureofunrest,welookedatfiveindicators:riots,anti-governmentdemonstrations,generalstrikes,politicalassassinations,andattemptedrevolutions.Inatypicalyearandcountry,thereareabout1.5incidentsofthistype.Themoreyoucut,themoreincidentsyouget.Bythetimeausteritymeasureshit3%ormore,thenumberofincidentshasdoubled.Interestingly,fortheUK,thepatternisevenstronger:foreverypercentagepointofcut-backs,instabilitysurgesbymorethanitdoesonaverageintherestofthecountries.Importantly,theseeffectsareinadditiontothewell-knownrelationshipbetweenlowergrowth(associatedwithmoreunemployment)andhigherinstability.

riot暴乱

anti-governmentdemonstration反政府游行

generalstrike大型罢工

politicalassassination政治暗杀

attemptedrevolution未遂革命

inadditionto除……之外

Whilethepatternholdsthroughoutoursample,therelationshipisnotdeterministic–thechanceofunrestgoesupasgovernmentsretrench,butitisnotguaranteed.Manyincidents,suchaspolicebrutality,asinthecaseofRodneyKinginLA,orthekillingofMarkDugganinLondon,canprovidethesparkthatleadstoaconflagration.Onereasonwhytimesofausteritycouldcreatetherightenvironmentformassiveunrestis,inourview,thatcut-backsusuallyhitsomepartsofthesocietydisproportionatelymorethanothers.

goup增长；上升

retrenchv.减少；减缩开支

policebrutality警察暴力

Interestingly,taxincreasesdonothavethesameeffect.Whiletheyarealsoassociatedwithgreaterinstability,theeffectissmall,andthelinkweak.Thissuggeststhatgovernmentswantingtoretrench,butworriedaboutsocialinstability,shouldconsidertaxincreases,firstandforemost.

beassociatedwith与……有联系

socialinstability社会动荡

firstandforemost首先；首要的是

Thesefindingscastdoubtsonestablishedwisdom.Untilthesovereigndebtcrisisof2010,theconsensusamongeconomistswasunambiguous–expenditurecutscanbegrowth-enhancing.Also,therewasawidelyacceptedviewthatthereisnopenaltyattheballotboxforcuts.Governmentsthatimplementhugeausterityprogrammesarejustaslikelytowinastheonesdoingnothing.WhilerecentresearchbytheIMFcastssomedoubtontheeconomicbenefits,ourresultsquestionthepoliticaleconomysideofthestory–cutsmaynotimperilre-election,buttheycreatetheriskofmajorsocialandpoliticalinstability.

sovereigndebtcrisis主权债务危机

unambiguousadj.不含糊的；清楚的

imperilv.危及；使陷入危险

Nobodyknowswhereandwhensocialunrestisgoingtohappenagain,northescaleitwilltake.However,historysuggestsweshouldnotunderestimatetheconsequencesofsocialchaos.GermanstothepresentdayrememberHeinrichBrning,knownasthe"hungerchancellor",wholedthecountryfrom1929to1932.Hepresidedoveranunprecedentedausterityprogramme.Atthesametime,theWeimarRepublic,Germany'sfirstattemptatdemocracy,disintegratedamidawaveofsocialunrestandpoliticalviolence.

tothepresentday到目前

presideover主持；负责