国际英语交流第二次复习思维导图
国际英语交流复习内容及知识点分解
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思维导图大纲
国际英语交流第二次复习思维导图模板大纲
individualism
characteristic
inidicidual is the smallist unit
personal fulfillment is the greatest good
children are taught to stand on own individual recognition.
identity personal & individual
based on individual qualities
autonomy personal choice
what you do matters individual achievement
collectivism
characteristic
group(usu.Family) is the smallest unit
group harmony is the greatest good
desire to belong and maintain harmony
children are taught to depend on others
prefer team/group recognition
identity function of group membership
identity is about one's role in the group
encourage group success
promote success of elders
who you are matters
family-style dining
food is served on large platters meant for sharing rather than as individual plates
Monochronic
Time is limited commodity
deadlines and schedules are sacred
plans are not easily changed
people may be too busy to see you
people live by external clock
values puntuality rarely flexible
sentences about time
against the clock
rushing to get something done when you don't have a lot of time.
kill time
usu.have nothing important to do
waste time
usu.should be doing something important
polychronic
time is bent to meet peoples's needs
deadlines and schedules are easily changed
plans are fluid
people always have time to see you
people live by internal clock
values puntuality but more flexible
Task oriented
top priority:getting down to business
emphasis on work to be done
important info is related to the task
success measured by tasks completed
small talk cursory and limited
relationship oriented
top priority:building relationships
emphasis on people to get work done
important info is what supports people
success measured by peoples' reactions
small-talk more personal and essential
Low context
put most of their ideas and feelings into words
state these ideas and feelings plainly and openly
meaning predominantly in words
get to the point
say what you mean
largely the speaker's responsibility to ensure message is stated clearly and easy to undersand
take them at their words
In-groups are less developed
fewer shared experiences
less shared understanding
High context
more indirect and subtle
largely the listener's responsibility to interpret message correctly
pay much attention/give more weight to the context
meaning not always in words
often view direct,explicit communication as unsophisticated or even rude
In-groups are well developed
more shared experiences
more shared understanding
peach cultures
seen as "open"or"easy to get to know"
wilder amount of personal information available
friendly with strangers
willing to talk about their lives
deep stuff is not shared with many people
hard to know how "close"you are to a peach
coconut cultures
seen as more"private""distant"
larger amount of personal information private
must gain trust before sharing about their life
when trust——very open
more clear to know how "close"you are to a coconut
phrase to introduce/analyze examples
state your claim
clarifying a prior statement
for example/instance
in order to illustrate
to give you an example
to clarify
to explain further
to be specific
give a piece of evidence that is connected to the claim
analyze the evidence to explain and show how it supports the claim
____suggests/implies/illustrates/examplifies/highlights/indicates
As indicated/suggested/illustrated by ___
based on ____
_____ can be seen/observed when
as seen in ___
____ is demonstrated by/through/when
internal diversity
we don't act the same in every context
aren't 100%
specific situations specific pepole
tow major contributions to internal diversity
regional differences
generational differences
value trumping
is the recognition that in specific contexts certain sets of values take precedence over others
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