2012年12月大学英语四级写作方法：平行结构思维导图

ParallelStructure

平行结构

相似的思想应用相似的形式表达出来。句子的成份相近，则也应以相似的形式出现。请注意以下标有"NO"的句子是不规范的。

No:Theschoolbusskidded,turnedsideways,thencomestoastop.

Yes:Theschoolbusskidded,turnedsideways,andcametoastop.

(并列时态)

No:Idon’tknowwhyImarriedsomeonewhoismiserly,sloppyandabore.

Yes:Idon’tknowwhyImarriedsomeonewhoismiserly,sloppyandboring.

(形容词平行结构)

No:Inthewreckthecircuslostapandaandelephant.

Yes:Inthewreckthecircuslostapandaandanelephant.

(不定冠词的平行结构)

No:IdebatedwhetherIshouldgivethebeggarmoneyortoofferhimfood.

Yes:Idebatedwhethertogivethebeggarmoneyortoofferhimfood.

(不定式的平行结构)

No:Theywouldlieonthebattlefieldforhoursandsometimesdays.

Yes:Theywouldlieonthebattlefieldforhoursandsometimesfordays.

(介词平行结构)

No:Michael’svacuumcleanersquealedloudly,shookviolently,anddustfilledtheair.

Yes:Michael’svacuumcleanersquealedloudly,shookviolently,andfilledtheairwithdust.

(并列谓语)

No:Themechanicexplainedtheproblem,method,andthetoolsthathewasgoingtouse.

Yes:Themechanicexplainedtheproblem,method,andtoolsthathewasgoingtouse.

(并列带有定冠词"the"的名词)

No:Heretiredrespectedbyhisassociates,admiredbyhisfriends,andhisemployeeslovedhim.

Yes:Heretiredrespectedbyhisassociates,admiredbyhisfriends,andlovedbyhisemployees.

(并列被动语态)

No:AsayoungmanhehadbeentoShanghai,fightingintheAnti-JapaneseWar,andfollowingtheNationalistPartytoChongking.

Yes:AsayoungmanhehadbeentoShanghai,hadfoughtintheAnti-JapaneseWarandhadfollowedtheNationalistPartytoChongking.

(并列过去完成时)

No:Janeispretty,withbrownhair,andhasagracefulmanner.

Yes:Janeispretty,brown-haired,andgraceful.

(形容词平行结构)

No:Heleftthecitybecauseofhislackofsuccessinbusiness,thedepartureofhisfriendsandbecausehishealthdeterioratedrapidly.

Yes:Heleftthecitybecauseofhislackofsuccessinbusiness,thedepartureofhisfriendsandhisrapidlyfailinghealth.

(作宾语的名词平行结构)

No:Theyboughtthehouseforlocationandaffordability.

Yes:Theyboughtthehousebecauseofitslocationanditsaffordability.

(并列名词;注意代词的所有格)

No:WhydidyoumakeXiaoZhangfeeluselessandasifhewasunimportant?

Yes:WhydidyoumakeXiaoZhangfeeluselessandunimportant?

(形容词的平行结构)

No:Thiscouldbeaproblemforboththewinnersandforthosewholose.

Yes:Thiscouldbeaproblemforboththewinnersandlosers.

(名词平行结构)

No:Theprisonerwasnotonlyfoundguiltyofbriberybutalsoadultery.

Yes:Theprisonerwasfoundguiltynotonlyofbriberybutalsoofadultery.

(并列介词短语)

为使平行结构清楚明了，随时都可以重复介词、冠词、助动词、不定词标志，或者长的短语或句子的介绍词。

Awkward:IadmireTennysonfortheidealsinhispoemsbutnothisstyle.

Improved:IadmireTennysonfortheidealsinhispoemsbutnotforhisstyle.

Awkward:Thesentencesaredifficulttounderstand,notbecausetheyarelongbuttheyareobscure.

Improved:Thesentencesaredifficulttounderstand,notbecausetheyarelongbutbecausetheyareobscure.

Awkward:Heexplainedthattheadvertisingcampaignhadbeensuccessful,businesshadincreasedmorethanfortypercent,andadditionalcapitalwassorelyneeded.

Improved:Heexplainedthattheadvertisingcampaignhadbeensuccessful,thatbusinesshadincreasedmorethanfortypercent,andthatadditionalcapitalwassorelyneeded.

在商业和正式文件写作中，越来越多的用到圆点散句。除了更易读之外，它们更能从视觉上引起人们注意。作者需要决定在圆点之后用什么形式来写，是用名词，动词，形容词，副词，还是介词短语，定语从句甚至完整的句子。应该记住的是它们相互间应该保持一致。平行结构较多用。

Examples:

Ourrecommendationsforimprovingcomputer-usercomfortareasfollows:

·Anti-radiationscreensshouldbeavailableforcomputermonitors.

·Wristsupportsshouldbeusedtohelpmaintainproperwristpositionduringcomputeruseandpossiblyreducetheriskofcarpaltunnelsyndrome.

·Employeesneedadjustablechairswithastrongerbacksupport.

(主谓一致结构)

Whatmakesmedifferentfromotherjobapplicants?

·AbilitytoconverseinEnglish,JapaneseinadditiontomynativeMandarin

·Completionoftwo-monthcustomersatisfactiontraining

·Impeccablemedicalreportcard

·Outgoingpersonalityandeagerdesiretohelp

(名词平行结构)

Awkward:AtYiXinAssociates,wehave15yearsofcombinedlegalexperienceinalltypesofinjurycasesonecanthinkof.Otherareaswehandlearewrongfuldeath,automobileaccidentsandmedicalmalpractice.Ifyouslipandfallinapublicbuilding,wecanrepresentyouinfilingalawsuitagainsttheowner.Also,ourclientscometoseekourhelpinhandicapdiscriminationanddenialofinsuranceclaimcases.

Better:AtYiXinAssociates,wehave15yearsofcombinedlegalexperiencein:

·Allinjurycases

·Wrongfuldeath

·Automobileaccidents

·Medicalmalpractice

·Slipandfall

·Handicapdiscrimination

·Denialofinsuranceclaims

Incorrect:ThedutiesoftheExecutiveSecretaryoftheAdministrativeCommitteeare:

·Totakeminutesofallmeetings(不定式短语)

·TheExecutiveSecretaryanswersallthecorrespondence;and(句子)

·Writingofmonthreports.(话题)

Correct:ThedutiesoftheExecutiveSecretaryoftheAdministrativeCommitteeare:

·Totakeminutesofallmeetings;

·Toanswerallthecorrespondence;and

·Towritemonthlyreports.

精典范例:

Letthewordgoforthfromthistimeandplace,tofriendandfoe1alike,thatthetorchhasbeenpassedtoanewgenerationofAmericans,borninthiscentury,temperedbywar,disciplinedbyahardandbitterpeace,proudofourancientheritage,andunwillingtowitnessorpermittheslowundoingofthosehumanrightstowhichthisnationhasalwaysbeencommitted,andtowhichwearecommittedtodayathomeandaroundtheworld.

Soletusbeginanew,rememberingonbothsidesthatcivilityisnotasignofweakness,andthatsincerityisalwayssubjecttoproof.Letusnevernegotiateoutoffear,butletusneverfeartonegotiate.

Nowthetrumpetsummonsusagain-notasacalltobeararms,thougharmsweneed2;notasacalltobattle,thoughembattledweare3;butacalltobeartheburdenofalongtwilightstruggle,ayearinandyearout"rejoicinginhope,patientintribulation,"astruggle4againstthecommonenemiesofman:5tyranny,poverty,disease,andwaritself.

Andso,myfellowAmericans,asknotwhatyourcountrycandoforyou6;askwhatyoucandoforyourcountry.

--美国前总统JohnF.Kennedy

注意：