Introduction思维导图
语言学专业知识
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Linguistics
Definition
the scientific study of language
Scope
1) Phonetics. 语音学 is a study of speech sounds of all human languages.
2) Phonology. 音位学 studies about the sounds and sound patterns of a speaker’s native language.
3) Morphology. 形态学 studies about how a word is formed.
4) Syntax. 句法学 studies about whether a sentence is grammatical or not.
5) Semantics. 语义学 studies about the meaning of language, including meaning of words and meaning of sentences.
6) Pragmatics. 语用学
Distinctions
general linguistics and descriptive linguistics (普通语言学与描写语言学)
The former deals with language in general whereas the latter is concerned with one particular language
synchronic linguistics and diachronic linguistics (共时语言学与历时语言学)
Diachronic linguistics traces the historical development of the language and records the changes that have taken place in it between successive points in time.
And synchronic linguistics presents an account of language as it is at some particular point in time.
theoretical linguistics and applied linguistics (理论语言学与应用语言学)
The former copes with languages with a view to establishing a theory of their structures and functions whereas the latter is concerned with the application of the concepts and findings of linguistics to all sorts of practical tasks
microlinguistics and macrolinguistics (微观语言学与宏观语言学)
The former studies only the structure of language system whereas the latter deals with everything that is related to languages.
langue and parole (语言与言语)
The former refers to the abstract linguistics system shared by all the members of a speech community whereas the latter refers to the concrete act of speaking in actual situation by an individual speaker.
competence and performance (语言能力与语言运用)
The former is one’s knowledge of all the linguistic regulation systems whereas the latter is the use of language in concrete situation.
speech and writing (口头语与书面语)
Speech is the spoken form of language whereas writing is written codes, gives language new scope
linguistics behavior potential and actual linguistic behavior (语言行为潜势与实际语言行为)
People actually says on a certain occasion to a certain person is actual linguistics behavior. And each of possible linguistic items that he could have said is linguistic behavior potential
syntagmatic relation and paradigmatic relation (横组合关系与纵聚合关系)
The former describes the horizontal dimension of a language while the latter describes the vertical dimension of a language.
verbal communication and non-verbal communication (言语交际与非言语交际)
Usual use of language as a means of transmitting information is called verbal communication. The ways we convey meaning without using language is called non-verbal communication
Language
Definition
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.
1）language is a system.
2）language is arbitrary in the sense.
3）language is symbolic nature.
Design features
1) Arbitrariness 任意性
2) Productivity 二层性
3) Displacement 创造性
4) Duality of structure 移位性
5) Cultural transmission 文化传递性
Functions
Three main functions
Descriptive function 信息功能
Expressive function 施为功能
Social function 人际功能
Halliday uses the following terms to refer to the initial functions of children’s language
1) Instrumental function. 工具功能
2) Regulatory function. 调节功能
3) Representational function. 表现功能
4) Interactional function. 互动功能
5) Personal function. 自指性功能
6) Heuristic function. 启发功能
7) Imaginative function. 想象功能
Adult language has three functional components as following
1) Interpersonal components. 人际
2) Ideational components.概念
3) Textual components.语篇
相关思维导图模板
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树图思维导图提供 Introduction 在线思维导图免费制作，点击“编辑”按钮，可对 Introduction 进行在线思维导图编辑，本思维导图属于思维导图模板主题，文件编号是：7037e0e4ebe7f1fbbecbd14a19dde7c7
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