Rome：The rise to Empire ca.1000B.C.E.--476 C.E.思维导图

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罗马帝国的兴起

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外国史罗马帝国历史学

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Rome：The rise to Empire ca.1000B.C.E.--476 C.E.思维导图模板大纲

The Roman Rise to Empire

发展历程

起源：铁器时代的拉丁人部落tibers of Latins 公元前1000年

公元前8世纪中期，拉丁人建立罗马城（在Tiber）strategically控制意大利半岛Italian peninsula &方便入地中海Mediterranean Sea

半岛地区注入伊特鲁里亚人、希腊人和腓尼基人，罗马人从中学习

Phoenicians，拥有字母表和商业海上技能

从Etruscans：城市规划、战车chariot比赛、长袍toga、青铜和黄金的制作，以及美索不达米亚建筑中最巧妙的结构——拱门arch。罗马数字Roma numerals基于伊特鲁里亚人的希腊语体系

产生罗马建立神话 Mars Romulus Remus

sarcophagus（pl sarcophagi）

从Greeks：万神殿pantheon of gods and goddesses，语言和文学原则，以及古典风格的美学

The Roman Republic (509–133 B.C.E.)

509年的b.c.e.拉丁人推翻伊特鲁里亚人。君主制慢慢让位于“人民”政府（共和制publica）

Popular Assembly议会

conferred civil and military authority (the imperium) upon two elected magistrates地方法官（consuls 执政官）但下层无发言权

罗马元老院Senate控制立法。平民plebeians渐获得更多的政治影响力途径：服役能力，否决法律的权力，平民领袖保民官tribunes听取意见。赢得了与贵族通婚的自由，担任行政职位的权利，前287年，他们赢得制定法律的特权。

刚成为共和国，就采取了扩张主义expensionist进程，将侵蚀erode民主成就

obedience and serveice in army

conquest war

stood poised to rule the Mediterranean

Roman governors, appointed by the Senate from among the higher ranks of the military, ruled within the conquered provinces

允许保留习俗、授予罗马公民身份

Punic war

mare nostrum地中海成为其内海

助长帝国主义的火焰

highly disciplined army was the backbone of the Empire

The Collapse of the Republic (133–30 B.C.E.)

帝国主义在共和国内改革

By its authority to handle all military matters, the Senate became increasingly powerful。新的阶级：equestrian骑士由企业家构成，担任行政职位

侵略战争壮大贵族实力

战俘被拍卖给地主

农场成为大型种植园large-scale plantations (latifundia)

小农破产，被迫卖农场

贫富差距拉大

改革失败，加剧政治竞争

军事独裁者dictator对权力的相互竞争As bloody confrontations replaced reasoned compromises, the Republic crumbled

46 b.c.e., Gaius Julius Caesar entered the city of Rome and established a dictatorship独裁统治

散文Commentaries on the Gallic War boast自夸:veni, vidi, vici (“I came, I saw, I conquered”).

统治措施及成就：编法典codified laws, regulated taxation, reduced debts, sent the unemployed proletariat无产阶级 to overseas colonies, and inaugurated public works projects。laid out Rome’s first urban center: the Forum古罗马广场（functions of government, law, commerce, and religion）reformed the Western calendar

The Roman Empire (30 B.C.E.–180 C.E.)

Octavian打败Mark Anthony，统治罗马

43 b.c.e., Octavian usurped the consulship and gained the approval of the Senate to rule for life终身统治

Senate, bestowed on him the title Augustus。Augustus shared legislative power with the Senate, but retained the right to veto legislation否决立法的权力

奥古斯都

Pax Romana奥古斯都统治开启和平时代

commercial contact with all parts of the civilized world, including India and China

arrest the tide of moral decay

artistic and literary productivity

witnessed birth of Christianity

Roman Law

means of unification，加入议会和元老院的法案

出于统治需要

而希腊法product of a dialectic （辩证法）between the citizen and the polis城邦

praetors裁判官 (magistrates who administered justice) and jurisconsults法学专家 interpreted （解释） the laws, constituting a body of “case law.”判例法

Twelve Tables of Law, 450 b.c.e

陈列在Forum

an evolving body of opinions on the nature and dispensation of justice

magistrates cultivate concepe of equality，法律精神置于法律条文上

随着公民范围扩大，法律适用范围，包含习俗也扩大，承认 compromises between conflicting customs and traditions

acts were passed by Roman legislative assemblies立法议会, and the edicts of Roman emperors

The Roman Contribution to Literature

Roman Philosophic Thought

preserved the writings of Hellenic and Hellenistic thinker

拉丁诗人卢克莱修斯Lucretius。推广德谟克利特Democritus和 Leucippus留基伯的唯物主义理论，用物理术语描述世界，否认神和其他超自然生物的存在。《论事物的本质》the Nature of Things现实由原子组成

many Romans cultivated the attitude of rational detachment 冷静popular among the Stoics

Romans cultivated the attitude of rational detachment（理性超然） among the Stoics斯多葛学派

encouraged the Roman sense of duty

Stoic belief in the equality of all people 人人生而平等had a humanizing人性化 effect on Roman jurisprudence法学 and anticipated the all-embracing direction 包罗万象of Early Christian thought

Seneca’s On Tranquility of Mind论心灵的宁静

Latin Prose（散文） Literature

罗马文学揭示了拉丁散文对娱乐、指导和记录的熟练使用。罗马人将知识应用到实际目的

历史学家倾向于美化罗马及其领导地位，但也极其关注准确细节

提图斯·利维乌斯李维写了部八世纪罗马史构成了对罗马共和国时期政治和社会最可靠的描述

oratory

Marcus Tullius Cicero

Cicerp

清晰和雄辩是其散文风格的标志

反映了对实际现实的深刻关注

considered public service the noblest of human activities

Roman Epic Poetry

Virgil

Aeneid《埃涅伊斯纪》

The hero of Virgil’s poem is Rome’s mythical founder

前六本书讲述这位英雄从特洛伊到意大利的旅程，以及他与迦太基人的爱情

Roman Lyric Poetry

Virgil

eclogues

Catullus

The greatest of the Latin lyric poets

reflects familiarity with the art of Sappho, whose lyrics he admired

Ovidius奥维德

Metamorphoses《变形记》

stories about Greek and Roman gods develops the theme of supernatural transformation超自然的转变（叙事诗）

Ovid himself pursued a career of poetry and love

The art of love 反女性

The Poems of Horace

pointed up the contradictions between practical realities and philosophic ideals

rsatire讽刺文学

The Satires of Juvenal

伟大的讽刺作家

Against the City of Rome

among the most devastating ever written

他后来的地方法官生涯以及他的贫困和经济失败的经历导致了他对罗马社会的负面看法

Against Women

one of the most bitter antifemale diatribes in the history of Western literature

可能反映了公众对在他那个时代普遍存在的淫乱的强烈抗议

婚姻出轨情妇等

当时的女性

不比雅典女性拥有更多公民权

但可担任传统及其他新型职业

通过对丈夫和儿子的影响来塑造继承和政治问题

Flavian woman

The Arts of the Roman Empire

reflected the practical needs of a sprawling empire

中心城市问题突出

约18条引水渠为罗马的主要城市带来了淡水

Romans considered their most significant technological achievement

建筑技术

学习拱门（从伊特鲁里亚人）结构

他们前后放置拱门形成一个桶形拱顶，彼此成直角形成一个十字架或凹槽状拱顶，并围绕一个中心点形成一个穹顶 vault

揭示了实用性和创新的结合

混凝土 concrete

The Fall of Rome

内部环境的结果

管理困难

奴隶贸易的衰落

野蛮人多次攻击罗马边境

在476年，日耳曼军队指挥官进攻罗马，废黜了罗穆卢斯·奥古斯都卢斯，罗马灭亡

王政时期思维导图模板大纲

影响思维导图模板大纲

The disappearance of the small farmer signaled the decline of the Republic思维导图模板大纲

Government by and for the people had been the hallmark 标志of Rome’s early history, but the enterprise of imperialism ultimately overtook these lofty republican ideals.思维导图模板大纲

Byzantine 拜占庭 (East Roman) emperor Justinian查士丁尼 would codify this huge body of law, thereafter known as the Corpus Juris Civilis《民法大全》.思维导图模板大纲

200 c.e., the emperor Septimius Severus banned female combat, finding it an affront to military dignity思维导图模板大纲