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议会，立法机构，司法机构等内容讲解
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Government and the Commonweath 思维导图模板大纲
Parliamentary
The United Kingdom
a parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarchy
a government elected by the people.
The British Constitution
statutory law
A law passed by parliament
如《大宪章》（1215），《权利法案》（1689）
common law
A legal system derived from convention or legal precedent
Interpretation by a judge in a court case
conventions
Rules and practices that are not legally enforceable but are considered essential to the work of government
The British Constitution is often described as "unwritten"
Much of the British Constitution is written, but not systematically codified into a single document
Constitutional amendment procedure
Through normal parliamentary procedures
The flexibility of the British Constitution helps explain why it has developed so well over the years
Overall characteristics of British management
Power is divided among the legislature, the executive and the judiciary
Prime Minister, leader of the government and leader of the majority party in Parliament
To advise the monarch on the question of candidates for the Supreme Court
TheLegislature
Parliament
TheMonarchy
Symbolicandceremonialrole
Consenttolaws,headofstate
TheHouseofLords
Consistsoflifepeers,bishops,andhereditarypeers
Legislativefunction:examiningandamendingbills
SupremeCourtofAppeal
TheHouseofCommons
Centerofparliamentaryhearings
650MPsrepresentingconstituencies
Dominantinlegislation,especiallyonfinancialmatters
Scrutinizesgovernment,influencespolicy
TheExecutive
ThePrimeMinisterandCabinet
Leaderoftheparliamentarymajority
Formsgovernmentafterelections
CabinetmemberschosenbyPM,responsibleforpolicyimplementation
Collectiveandindividualministerialresponsibility
ThePrivyCouncil
Ceremonialbody,mostlymadeupofministers,politicians,andpublicfigures
TheJudiciary
Complexstructureperregion(England/Wales,Scotland,NorthernIreland)
Differentcourtsforcriminalandcivilcases
Presumptionofinnocence,publictrials
Jurytrialsforseriouscases
PoliticalParties
ConservativeParty
Historicallydominant
Supportedbylandowners,businesspeople,somewealthyworkingclass
Right-wing,pro-freeenterprise,privatization,limitedgovernmentintervention
LabourParty
Mainoppositionparty
Representsworking-classinterests
Supportsnationalization,socialwelfare,tradeunions
LiberalDemocrats
Thirdmajorparty
IdeologybetweenConservativeandLabour
Focusonindividualfreedom,socialliberalism
Elections
Frequentchangesinrulingpartysince1945
Two-partysystemwithgovernmentandoppositionroles
TheCommonwealth
Origin
SuccessortotheBritishEmpire
Memberstatesgainedindependencepost-WWII
CharacteristicsandFunctions
Voluntaryassociationofindependentstates
RecognizesBritishmonarchassymbolichead
Promotesdemocracy,humanrights,andcooperation
Members
54countries,diversepopulations
White,non-white,andmixedterritories
Organizations
CommonwealthSecretariat,Foundation,andLearning
CommonwealthDay
AnnualcelebrationofCommonwealthties
Promotesglobalunderstandingandcooperation
CHOGM,MinisterialConferences,andotherevents
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