Chapter 1 introduction思维导图
Chapter 1 introduction
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思维导图大纲
Chapter 1 introduction思维导图模板大纲
linguistic
range
not any particular language but languages in general
3 steps
data--collected
language facts
hypotheses
language structure
check and prove
validity
6 main scopes
Phonetics(语音学
speech sounds
4 Content
1)The production of speech that is how speech sounds actually made transmitted and received
2)The sounds of speech
3)The description and classification of speech sounds
4)Words and connected speech
3 main areas
Articulatory phonetics [M]
Speaking
Acoustic phonetics [T]
Sounding
Auditory phonetics [R]
Listening
Phonology（音系学
How songs are put together and used to convey meanings in communications
Morphology（形态学
word formation
is concerned with internal organization of words it studies the minimal units of meaning-morphemes and word- formation processes
Syntax（句法学
speech sounds system
Sentence structure
the study of how words combined to form sentences and the rules which govern the formation of sentences
Semantics（语义学
Meanings
examines how meanings encoded in language/the meaning of the sentence
Pragmatics（语用学
Language in use
The study of the use of language in communication
history
Liberal arts
In ancient Greece
the study of word
15th
A universal grammar
18th
The similarities between Sanskrit ,Greek and Latin
19th
The relationship and the inheritance between languages
By the end of 19th
Language' structure and function
Directive
Recreational
Expressive
Informational
pathtic
distinctions
Prescriptive VS Descriptive
P1
Lay down rules for correct linguistics behavior in using language
D
Describe or analyze linguistic facts observed or language people actually use
Synchronic VS Diachronic
S
The description of a language at some point of time
D
Description of a language through time
Speech and Writing
S
Primary medium of language
W
later developed
Langue and Parole
L
The abstract linguistic system shared by all members of the speech community
P2
The realization of long in actual use
Competence and Performance
C
The ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language
P3
The actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication
Traditional grammar and modern linguistics
T
P1
W
Judge
Latin-based framework
M
D
S
Observer and recorder
not
language
definition
Chomsky's
a set of sentences
finite/infinite
Sapir's
human and non-instinctive
ideas emotions desires
voluntarily produced symbols
Hall's
habitually
oral-auditory arbitrary symbols
what is language
Language is primarily vocal
Language is a system
Language is human-specific
The design defining features of human language 识别特征
Arbitrariness(任意性）
No intrinsic connection between the word and the thing it denotes
Productivity /Creativity(能产性，创造性)
We can speak an endless nember of sentences with limited vocabulary and one sentence can expand into endless theoretically possible sentences in the way of recurring
Duality(双重性)
Displacement(移位性)
Cultural transmission（文化传递性）
Additional mentioned knowledge
Meta function
Transtivity传递性，关联性
Material物质
Verbal言语
Relational关联
Behavioral行为
Existential存在
Mental心理
Saussure思维导图模板大纲
rules思维导图模板大纲
time思维导图模板大纲
media思维导图模板大纲
sociological思维导图模板大纲
psychological思维导图模板大纲
Chomsky思维导图模板大纲
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