Advances in molecularly imprinted polymers-based electrochemical sensors for the detection of gonadal steroid hormones 思维导图

a class of biologically active lipophilic compounds with a low molecular weight that can modulate the physiological processes of humans or animals such as sexual characteristics, metabolism, and mood control. Steroid hormones are secreted by steroid glands such as the sex organs, adrenal cortex, and placenta.

Gonadal steroid hormones (GSH) are a class of steroid hormones,mainly derived from the physiological synthesis (natural) and artificial synthesis (non-natural) in humans/animals. Since the 1990s, with the yearly increase in population and animal huandry, the overuse of synthetic oral con traceptives and contemporaneous estrus drugs has eventually led to an annual increase in GSH released into the environment

Since the 1950s to the present, several major methods for the analysis of GSH levels have been reported, such as bioassays , im munoassays , high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC),gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) , liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), capillary elec trophoresis, and spectrophotometric methods , etc .

molecularly imprinted electro chemical sensors (MIECS) obtained by combining MIPs with electro chemical sensors has the advantages of good linear range, low relative,standard deviation (RSD), low limit of detection (LOD), and specific recognition of target substances.

MIPs, a highly bionic polymer called "artificial antibodies", have attracted the attention of researchers in the field of hormone determi nation due to their unique and deliberate selectivity and ease of prep aration of portable devices.

In recent years, researchers have increasingly used software calculation methods when selecting the optimal chemical configuration for the preparation of MIPs

there are generally two methods for the preparation of MIPs, chemical polymerization and electropolymerization.

MIPs were applied in the area of biosensors, including MIECS, molecularly imprinted electrochemiluminescence sensors, fluo rescence sensors , quantum weak measurement sensors, surface plasmon resonance sensors , surface-enhanced Raman scattering sensors , and quartz crystal microbalance sensors

Voltammetry, an electroanalytical technique commonly used in electrochemical sensors for MIPs, is based on operating at a controlled variable potential, with the current varying as a function of the change in potential.

Amperometry allows the detection of the analyte by measuring the current at a constant potential, correlating the measured current with the analyte concentration

EIS can be used to analyze materials’ intrinsic properties and study the specific processes of re sistivity or dielectric constant of electrochemical systems

In potentiometry, the change in potential determined underflow or batch conditions is utilized to quantify the number of ions in a solution.

Estradiol (E2)

Estriol (E3)

Estrone (E1)

Testosterone (T)

Progesterone (PG)

Ethinyl estradiol (EE2)

Levonorgestrel (LNG)