Lesson 7. Orgenizing Principles思维导图
Lesson 7. Orgenizing Principles
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思维导图大纲
Lesson 7. Orgenizing Principles思维导图模板大纲
Chronology
Always be used in
Newspaper and magazine articles
Minutes of meetings
Explanations of procedures
Common Traditional Words and Prases
afterward, eventually, later, sudddenly, as soon as finally, meanwhile, then.
at last, first, second, third, next, when before, after, immediately, now.
while, during, in the meantime, soon
Order of importance
The reason why writers always use
People remember beginnings and endings better than middles.
Writers have known this instinctively known this for a long time.
That's why many pieces of writing are organized not in chronological order but by order of importance.
Most Important to Least important
In the following paragraph, the writer starts with what is most important.
Wirters hope that will be sure to remember it by putting this item first.
Least important to most important
Writers prefer to end up with the most important idea.
Effects
The snowball effect
the build up or force that a writer gets from starting with what's least important and moving forward what's most important.
writers can also create sespense, since the reader has to wait for the final and most important idea.
Definition
Always can be found in
business, sociology, science, and government texts
make a point of using whole paragraphs to define specialized vocabulary central to the discussion of their subject matter.
Definition pattern should include three elements
1.the term being defined
2.a complete definition
3.any other more specific details that might help clarify the definition(examples, contrasting words, origins.)
Extended definition
In this pattern, the writer names a concept or complicated process that the paragraphs will define and explain.
the main idea or first sentence of the paragraph states a dictionary definition of the concept or precess
There are usually no signal words for details.
Key words/phrases in the main idea: consists of , seems to be, are.
Problem/Solution
In this pattern, the main idea names a problem and indicates that one or more solutions.
The paragraph always consists of two parts.
1. a statement
2. a description and explanation of how it was solved.
There are often no signal words for the details.
Key words/phrases in the main idea:situation, trouble, crisis, dilemma or issue.
In the body of the paragraph, key words include:solve, solution, resolved.
Simple listing
In this pattern, the writer states the main idea in the form of a generalization and gives a list of detail or examples to support that general statement
This pattern uses words and sentences instead of numbers for items that are listed.
The list actually becomes the details
Signal words/phrases: for example, for instance, first, second, another, also, besides, in addition, final, last, most important.
Key words/phrases in the main idea: many, several, a number of, a variety of, a few, kinds of
Spatial
Definition
Spatial organization is when information in a passage is organized in order of space or fiction.
Also can be called descriptive writing.
Always be used in
1. It is most frequently used when the narrator describes how something looks.
2. It used in both fiction and nonfiction texts.
Most fictional passage are organized chronologically.
but in paragraphs where the narrator is describing a setting or the appearence of a character,the information may be organized spatially.
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