Linguistics语言学思维导图

 The former deals with language in general whereas the latter is concerned with one particular language

 Diachronic linguistics traces the historical development of the language and records the changes that have taken place in it between successive points in time.

And synchronic linguistics presents an account of language as it is at some particular point in time. 

The former copes with languages with a view to establishing a theory of their structures and functions whereas the latter is concerned with the application of the concepts and findings of linguistics to all sorts of practical tasks

The former studies only the structure of language system whereas the latter deals with everything that is related to languages.

The former refers to the abstract linguistics system shared by all the members of a speech community whereas the latter refers to the concrete act of speaking in actual situation by an individual speaker.

 The former is one’s knowledge of all the linguistic regulation systems whereas the latter is the use of language in concrete situation.

Speech is the spoken form of language whereas writing is written codes, gives language new scope

People actually says on a certain occasion to a certain person is actual linguistics behavior. And each of possible linguistic items that he could have said is linguistic behavior potential

The former describes the horizontal dimension of a language while the latter describes the vertical dimension of a language.

Usual use of language as a means of transmitting information is called verbal communication. The ways we convey meaning without using language is called non-verbal communication

1) General linguistics and descriptive linguistics.

2) Synchronic linguistics and diachronic linguistics.

3) Theoretical linguistics and applied linguistics.

4) Microlinguistics and macrolinguistics.

1) Phonetics. 语音学 is a study of speech sounds of all human languages.

2) Phonology. 音位学 studies about the sounds and sound patterns of a speaker’s native language.

3) Morphology. 形态学 studies about how a word is formed.

4) Syntax. 句法学 studies about whether a sentence is grammatical or not.

5) Semantics. 语义学 studies about the meaning of language, including meaning of words and meaning of sentences.

6) Pragmatics. 语用学