Syntax 句法学思维导图
充分了解大学校园教育中关于英语语言学概论的内容（Syntax 句法学），记住关键知识点。
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思维导图大纲
Syntax 句法学思维导图模板大纲
基础概念
1
syntagmatic relations (横组关系)
refer to the relationships between constituents in a construction
paradigmatic relations (纵聚合关系)
refer to the relations between the linguistic elements within a sentence and those outside the sentence.
hierarchical relations (等级关系)
refer to relationships between any classification of linguistic units which recognizes a series of successively subordinate levels.
2
IC Analysis (直接成分分析)
is a kind of grammatical analysis, which make major divisions at any level within a syntactic construction.
labeled IC Analysis (标记法直接成分分析)
is a kind of grammatical analysis, which make major divisions at any level within a syntactic construction and label each constituent.
phrase markers (短语标记法)
is a kind of grammatical analysis, which make major divisions at any level within a syntactic construction, and label each constituent while remove all the linguistic forms.
labeled bracketing (方括号标记法)
is a kind of grammatical analysis, which is applied in representing the hierarchical structure of sentences by using brackets.
3
surface structures (表层结构)
refers to the mental representation of a linguistic expression, derived from deep structure by transformational rules.
deep structures (深层结构)
deep structure of a linguistic expression is a theoretical construct that seeks to unify several related structures.
4
phrase structure rules (短语结构规则)
are a way to describe a given language's syntax. They are used to break a natural language sentence down into its constituent parts.
重点
What are the differences between surface structure and deep structure
Surface structures correspond directly to the linear arrangements of sentences while deep structures correspond to the meaningful grouping of sentences
Surface structures are more concrete while deep structures are more abstract
Surface structures give the forms of sentences whereas deep structures give the meanings of sentences
Surface structures are pronounceable but deep structures are not
Illustrate the differences between PS rules and T-rules
1) PS rules frequently applied in generating deep structures.
2) T-rules are used to transform deep structure into surface structures.
What’s the difference between a compulsory constituent and an optional one
Optional constituents may be present or absent while compulsory constituents must be present
What are the three syntactic relations Illustrate them with examples
1) Syntagmatic relations
2) Paradigmatic relations.
3) Hierarchical relations.
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